Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance Renaissance – rebirth of art and learning from classics of Rome and Greece

Renaissance 4 reasons the Renaissance happened Bubonic plague killed serfs Crusades led to more trade opportunities with the east Rise of a merchant class Development of a commercial revolution Because of these reasons, the Renaissance started in Italy

Italian City-States Venice Naples Rome Florence Genoa

Renaissance Merchants became the power in the Italian city-states Florence became one of the most powerful city-states and they were ruled by the Medici family

Renaissance Florence

Cosimo de Medici Lorenzo de Medici The Medici’s supported the arts which made them patrons

Renaissance Humanism It is focusing on human potential and achievements They studied Greek and Latin language manuscripts They disliked Christian teachings Their studies of history, literature, and philosophy made the subjects humanities

Renaissance Renaissance men were concerned with the worldly or secular life. To become a Renaissance man you had to be good in many fields like art, science, athletics, dance, play music and literature.

Renaissance Women Should know the classics and study Do not create art they should inspire it

Renaissance New emphasis on individuals, many painters painted portraits

Renaissance Donatello revived the classical form by sculpting David

Renaissance Raphael’s School of Athens Perspective which gives a painting 3 dimensions was brought back Raphael’s School of Athens

Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci became a true Renaissance man by being a painter, sculptor, and scientist

Leonardo de Vinci Last Supper

Leonardo’s Flying Machine

Renaissance Other artists were Raphael and Michelangelo

Raphael Madonna

M i c h e l a n g o La Pieta

Michelangelo David

D u e l i n g a v d s

The Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo - Sistine Chapel

Renaissance Women Painters: Sofonisiba Anguissola and Artemisia Gentileschi

Artemisia’s Birth of John the Baptist

Giotto

M a s c i o

Botticelli’s Birth of Venus

Titian’s La Pieta

D o n a t e l

Renaissance Writers Wrote in Vernacular First great writer was Petrarch Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince where he states the end justifies the means

Northern Renaissance Renaissance in the north began after the Hundred Years’ War However, the Northern Renaissance included more religious ideas than the original Renaissance

Northern Renaissance Great Painters of the Northern Renaissance: Albrecht Durer who focused on realism Hans Holbein Flemish Jan van Eyck Pieter Bruegel

St. Jerome

Henry VII by Holbein

Northern Renaissance These Artists used oil-based paint because the paint does not dry quickly it can blend more easily

Northern Renaissance Humanism moved to the north and became Christian Humanism The great Christian Humanists were:

Desiderius Erasmus who wrote Praise of Folly Thomas More who wrote Utopia which was the ideal place because there was no greed, war, or crime

Northern Renaissance The greatest Renaissance writer in England was William Shakespeare who wrote MacBeth, Hamlet, etc…

Northern Renaissance Shakespeare wrote during the reign of Elizabeth I, so England’s Renaissance is called the Elizabethan Age

Northern Renaissance Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press which changed history. The first book he ever printed was??? The Bible called the Gutenberg Bible

Northern Renaissance The printing press changed society by Making books cheap = more people bought them = higher literacy rate More people also could read the Bible and interpret what it said by themselves = lead to the Reformation which ended the Renaissance

Reformation Problems with the Church: Church officials were corrupt Many priests were uneducated Many priests were marrying, gambling, and drinking SELLING INDULGENCES – pardon of sins through $ and not through penalties

Reformation Martin Luther wrote 95 Theses attacking indulgences

Reformation Luther wanted a full reform of the Church Only faith in God’s forgiveness brought salvation All Church teachings should be based on the Bible All people of faith are equal = priests should not interpret the Bible for them

Reformation Most merchants and princes joined Luther for economic and political reasons Mainly to throw off Church control and Church taxes

Reformation Luther was excommunicated = he split from the Church and started his own Christian religion called Lutherans Princes who protested against the Catholic Church and who wanted changes became Protestants (non-Catholic Christians)

Reformation Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire fought against the Protestants Eventually everyone signed the Peace of Augsburg where the religion of each state was decided by its ruler

Reformation Henry VIII ruled England and he supported the Catholic Church, however he needed a male heir Married Catherine of Aragon, but she only gave him a daughter = Mary He wanted to annul his marriage or set Catherine aside = Pope said no

Reformation Henry broke from the Church and created the English or Anglican Church = he divorced He would eventually be married 6 times

Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleaves Kathryn Howard Katherine Parr

Reformation Elizabeth I took over and made the Anglican Church permanent by making it more acceptable to Catholics and Protestants

Reformation Catholic Spain under Philip II disliked that and tried to invade England The Spanish Armada = 130 ships, 8000 sailors, 19,000 soldiers was made It was defeated by bad weather and the small English fleet

Reformation John Calvin led another religion called Calvinism He believed like Luther that humans cannot earn a place in Heaven

Reformation John Calvin’s major teaching was predestination Predestination is the belief that God determines the fate of every person

Reformation Calvin created a theocracy, area ruled by religious leaders, in Geneva The laws of Geneva: Everyone attended religious class No bright clothing No card games If you preach another religion = burn at the stake

Reformation John Knox took some of Calvin’s ideas to Scotland and created his own Church Knox’s Church were led by laymen or presbyters = Presbyterians

Reformation French Calvinists were called Huguenots and the French Catholics massacred them

Reformation Another group decided to baptize only people old enough to decide to be Christian = Anabaptists They taught Church and state should be separate and in no violence

Reformation Catholics now had to reform = Catholic Reformation

Reformation Ignatius of Loyola created the Society of Jesus or Jesuits Jesuits founded schools, became missionaries, and stop Protestantism from spreading They were very strict and obedient to the Pope

Reformation The Catholic Church under Pope Paul III reformed by doing 4 things Investigate indulgences Approved the Jesuits Used Inquisition to punish Protestants Called the Council of Trent

Reformation In the Council of Trent met to reform the Catholic Church in 4 ways Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final To get salvation, you need faith and good works Bible and Church tradition were equal authorities of guiding Christian life Indulgences were OK

Reformation Results of the Reformation Skepticism became popular Europe was no longer united by a single religion States gained more power