Stenting: Function, Problems, and Procedure
Uses for Stents Peripheral artery disease (PAD) Renal vascular hypertension Hemodialysis access maintenance Coronary artery disease (CAD) Carotid artery disease Aneurysms
History Percutaneous Interventional cardiology introduced in Stenting first performed in the mid 1980’s. FDA approved it in 70-90% of balloon angioplasty procedures now use a stent. Currently 1,500,000 stenting procedures performed annually.
Stent Types Components- stainless steel with different designs. Designs Drug-eluting stents stents Sizes
Drug-eluting Stents Sirolimus –Immunosuppressive agent used for solid organ transplant. –Coated with 140mcg/cm^2. –Releases over days. Paclitaxel –Chemotherapeutic drug used to treat patients with ovarian or breast cancer. –Coated with 3mcg/cm^2. –Released over at least a ten day period.
Procedure Procedure Sterile Table. Clean entry site- femoral or brachial artery. Cut into skin. Catheterization, with use of a guide wire. Inject contrast to visualize vessels. Balloon angioplasty. Stent attached to deflated balloon and takent to site.
Restenosis Reclosure of the artery Bare metal stents rate is around 20-30% Drug-eluting stents rate is around 9% Usually recurrence time Most vulnerable- those with diabetes, long stents (35mm+), or in small arteries Why it occurs
Post Procedure Pressure and dress Femoral artery Take proscribed medications Limit activities- lift no more than 10 pounds Other restrictions depending on extent of heart disease. Get exercise- 3-4 days a week for around 30 mins. Walking is best. No MRI’s for at least six months.
Contraindicators and Complications Contraindicators –Size of the artery –Where the blockage is located –Other Blockages –Condition of the heart –Allergies Complications –Blood clots –Tearing the artery –Abrupt vessel closure –Excessive bleeding through femoral artery –Heart attack or sudden cardiac death –Stroke
Plaque Classifications Homogeneous –Usually white –Smooth outer surface –Consistent texture throughout Heterogeneous –Yellowish color –Rough edges –Inconsistent texture –More likely to rupture and have blood clots Stenting –After six months will grow thin layer of cells –Now classified as homogeneous