 Matter is in constant random motion, and hot particles move faster than cold ones because hot particles have more kinetic energy  Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of an object  Temperature is often measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit

 Heat is thermal energy that flows from something from higher temperature to something at a lower temperature  Heat is a type of energy, so it is measured in Joules  When ice melts, the thermal energy from the warmer air transfers to the colder ice, making it melt

 The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance’s temperature 1 degree Celsius  The higher the specific heat, the more energy is needed to change the temperature of the substance  Water has a very high specific heat  Metal and sand have a very low specific heat

 Water has a very high specific heat, meaning it takes a lot of energy to break the bonds between the molecules and allow the temperature to rise  Because of this, water is used as a coolant  Think of a swimming pool vs the concrete around the pool

 Q= Heat Energy in Joules  ΔT= Change in Temp in degrees C  M= mass in kg  C= specific heat (constant) Q MC ΔT

SubstanceSpecific Heat (J/kg·C o ) aluminum900 copper387 ice2,060 lead128 silver235 ethyl alcohol2450 mercury138 water4186 air1005 oxygen912 steam2009

 Conduction- heat transfer by touching  Example: A metal spoon in hot coffee  Sitting in a chair and the chair gets warm  The best heat conductors are metals, silver, copper and aluminum are the best conductors of heat

 Transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the movement of fluids from a warmer place  Example: Heating up water in a bathtub by adding more hot water  Lava Lamp  Example: Weather patterns

 Earth gets heat from the sun, heat can only travel from the sun to the Earth by radiation, because conduction and convection both require matter  Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic rays  Often called radiant energy

 Putting on a coat or an oven mitt are both examples of trying to control the flow of heat  Many animals have adaptations that help them control the flow of heat  Penguins have a layer of blubber and thick, closely spaced feathers  Reptiles have scaly skin that helps to reflect sunlight

 A material in which heat flows slowly  Gases are usually better insulators than solids are liquids  Buildings are insulated to keep warm air in the building during the winter and cool air in the summer  Fleece jackets trap warm air pockets close to your body