Principles of Instructional Design

Instructional Design is... the systematic process of translating principles of learning and instruction into specifications for instructional materials and activities. aims for a learner-centered rather than the traditional teacher-centered approach to instruction, so that effective learning can take place.

Components This means that every component of the instruction is governed by the learning outcomes, which have been determined after a thorough analysis of the learners’ needs.

Questions to ask yourself - 1W and 4Hs WHAT exactly to instruct HOW to organize instruction HOW to develop high-quality instructional materials HOW to assess what students have learned HOW to evaluate how well the lessons worked.

Theories Affecting Instruction u Systems Theory u Communications Theory u Learning Theory u Instructional Theory

What is a Theory? A theory is an organized set of statements that allow us to explain, predict, or control events.

General Systems Theory A set of interrelated parts all working together to achieve a common goal.

Communications Theory Field of Experience SenderEncoder DecoderReceiver Signal Noise Feedback

Learning Theory Theories that attempt to describe, explain, and predict learning.

What is learning? “LEARNING is a change in human disposition or capability that persists over a period of time and is not simply ascribable to processes of growth (Gagné’, 1985, p. 2)”

Theoretical Base Behavioral Cognitive Constructivist

Behavioral Learning Theory According to Behaviorists, learning has occurred when learners evidence the appropriate response to the particular stimulus.

Cognitive Learning Theory Cognitive learning theories attempt to explain learning in terms of cognitive processes and structures that are hypothesized to operate within the learner.

Constructivist Learning Meaning is not resident in the medium containing the message, but in the learner. The learner, then interacts with the message and constructs a personal and unique interpretation of the message.

Information Processing Model ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT Effectors Receptors Response Generators Sensory Registers Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Prior Knowledge World Knowledge Executive Control Expectancies

Instructional Theories Many instructional theories attempt to prescribe the characteristics of instruction that will support instruction.

Examples of Instructional Theories Gagné’s Conditions of Learning Keller’s ARCS Model of Motivation

Events of Instruction Introduction Gaining Attention Establishing a Purpose Arouse Interest and Motivation Preview

Events of Instruction Body Recall relevant prior knowledge Process information and examples Focus attention Employ learning strategies

Events of Instruction Conclusion Summarize and review Transfer learning Remotivate and reclose

ARCS Model A Attention R Relevance C Confidence S Satisfaction

ADDIE Model AnalyzeDesignDevelopImplementEvaluate Revision Loop

Elements of the Dick & Carey Model Identify Instructional Goal Conduct Instructional Analysis Identify Entry Behaviors, Characteristic s Write Performance Objectives Revise Instruction Develop Criterion Referenced Test Items Develop Instructional Strategy Develop and Select Instructional Materials Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation Design and Conduct Summative Evaluation

Smith and Ragan Model