Fossil Fuels
Remains of ancient organisms Accumulated, compacted, modified Estimated less than 0.1% of matter incorporated
Fuel-forming Reactions Not well understood –Many products –coal, kerogen hard to characterize Fragmentations –loss of small molecules: H 2 O, CO 2 Condensation and Polymerization
Oil Most versatile fuel source –Easy to transport –Easy to refine –Many different derivatives –Refined product burns without residue
Forming Oil Dead plankton settle to sea floor –Incorporated in mud –Decomposes anoxically Becomes kerogen in oil shale Water, pressure, heat chemical change –Bitumen, Oil,Gas
Oil Deposits Oil seeps to surface destroyed Must be trapped underground Must be recoverable
Recoverable Oil Source rock: organic matter subjected to proper conditions Reservoir rock: porous and permeable Cap rock: impermeable
Oil from Shale Large recoverable deposit in Green River Formation Heating oil shale: retorting Product similar to crude oil
Coal Created from swampy plant residue Compacts, decays anaerobically Compression and heating “matures” coal
Forming Coal
Coal Rank Peat Lignite Sub-bituminous Bituminous Anthracite Graphite Low maturity High maturity Low %C High %C Low energy High energy
Worldwide Coal Mostly from Carboniferous Lots of swamps, warm climate Later sea-covered –Sulfate-reducing bacteria acted on deposits –Put sulfur compounds in coal –Pollution upon combustion!
Wyoming Coal Wyoming arid during Carboniferous WY coal is Cretaceous –Low grade –Never subsequently sea-covered –Low-sulfur
US Coal Production
Gas Principally CH 4, some C 2 H 6 May include CO 2 Formed in all stages of organic degradation Can be associated with coal or oil
Gas Hydrates Ice-like complexes of water and methane –water framework with methane in voids Stable at low temperatures and high pressures –Found in permafrost, marine sediments Estimated to be world’s largest fossil fuel resource