Fungi Kingdom #4 Wake County Biology Curriculum

Fungi Facts: Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Multicellular (except for yeasts) Most are DECOMPOSERS (saprophytes): they recycle nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes that break down the bodies of other organisms, and then they absorb the nutrients. Cell walls are made of chitin (also in exoskeletons of insects) Is this a homologous or analogous structure?

Fungi Facts (continued): hyphae mycelium fruiting body

Fruiting body: the reproductive structure of a fungus. Spores (reproductive cells) are produced on the underside of the mushroom on structures called gills.

wildmanstevebrill.com

Mushroom Cross section of Gills Gills with spores

mycelium The mycelium is the underground part of the mushroom. It absorbs nutrients as it spreads out. When conditions are right, fruiting bodies pop up around the outer edge of the mycelium forming a circle of mushrooms. These structures are called “fairy rings.”

topturf.net

Mycelium Fruiting body Hyphae

Fungi Reproduction Asexual Hyphae break off and grow on their own. Spores Sexual + and – gametes which fuse to become a zygote Zygote undergoes meiosis and forms haploid cells

are divided into the phyla Fungi are divided into the phyla Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota includes includes includes includes Common molds Sac fungi Club fungi Imperfect fungi

Think: bread mold. Common Mold- Zygomycota Rhizopus stolonifer Diploid Haploid FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Zygospore (2N) Spores (N) Sporangium + Mating type (N) Stolons Rhizoids - Mating type (N) Sporangiophore Gametangia Rhizopus stolonifer Think: bread mold.

Mold growing on a lemon

Sac Fungi: Ascomycota Morel (edible)

Ascomycota - Yeasts Saccharomyces– yeast used for cooking, uses fermentation which releases carbon dioxide. - What kind of respiration is this???

Life Cycle of a Club Fungi (Basidiomycota)

Coral Fungi Shelf Fungi Conch Fungi Puffballs

Imperfect Fungi- Deuteromycota “Imperfect” fungi—Reproductive cycle is unknown ex. Pennicillium notatum (where we get Pennicillin)

Fungi Symbiosis Lichens: a mutual relationship between a fungi and an algae. Why? Fungi are resistant to cold/drought, the algae provides food through photosynthesis Result: Lichens can survive harsh environments

botit.botany.wisc.edu www.hiltonpond.org picasaweb.google.com

Fungi Symbiosis Mycorrhizae: soil fungi attached to plant roots Why? Plants absorb nutrients, water, and minerals while fungi receives food from plant . ~80% of all plants have mycorrhizae Con: drains a substantial amount of carbon from the plant

apsnet.org

cof.orst.edu

Common Fungal Diseases mythology2010.wikispac

Fungal Diseases hardinmd.lib.uiowa.edu Ring worm: Caused by an infection of a fungus on the skin. Closely related to athletes foot and jock itch. Athlete’s foot: caused by an infection of a fungus on the skin of the feet Spread by walking where infected feet have trod – this is a great reason to wear flip-flops in a gym shower!

Fungal Diseases hardinmd.lib.uiowa.edu Nail fungus: caused by a fungus that grows under the finger or toenails. Several kinds of fungi can cause nail fungus. Mold spore inhalation: Mold that grows on water damaged materials produce spores that can cause many physical problems such as headaches, nausea, allergies, and even death.

Animal Parasites Cordyceps - infects insects and kills them from the inside out.

Dutch Elm Disease - a disease in elm trees - caused by a fungi which blocks the xylem tissues of the tree and cuts off the transport of water

treedoctor.anr.msu.edu

Chestnut Blight: a disease in American chestnuts caused by a fungi which blocks the xylem tissues of the tree (in the same way and with the same effect as dutch elm disease)

Chestnut Blight:

Most American Chestnuts have been destroyed in their original habitat 

patacf.org

Other Plant Fungal Diseases Corn Smut Wheat Rust Leaf spots on Holly