Nationalism Around the World

Nationalism in the Middle East

Decline & Fall of the Ottoman Empire Been growing steadily weaker since Lost territory in Europe & N. Africa. Suspended constitution 1876 –Switched to authoritarian rule until 1908

Impact of WWI Ottoman government allied with Germany British sought to undermine Ottoman rule Declared Arabia independent from Ottoman Rule Ottoman Empire made peace with allies 1918 O.E. collapsed end of WWI

Armenian Genocide Ottoman government accused Armenians of supporting the Russians & began brutal campaign to kill or exile all Armenians – 1915 Estimated million killed –Massacres, starvation Genocide – deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or social group Ethnic cleansing

Emergence of a Turkish Republic Only Turkey under Ottoman control Greece invades Turkey Alarmed the Turks & they created the Republic of Turkey Ottoman Empire truly at an end

Cyprus (still half Turk/half Greek)

Modernization of Turkey Democratic system put into place Arab elements eliminated Westernized Education, factories, modernization, farming Anything Muslim was eliminated

Beginnings of Modern Iran Persians relied on Russia & G.B. for help Growing foreign presence in Persia Oil was discovered in 1908 Became Iran 1935 Foreign powers continued to harass Iran due to Oil! Persian Empire at its height

Growing sense of Arab Nationalism throughout the Middle East United by language, Islamic culture, religious heritage Mandates created by Euro powers

Ibn Saud united Arabs in Northern Arabian peninsula Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 At first poor- then oil!!! U.S. prospectors find oil & flooded it with western industries Ibn Saud

Problems with Palestine Home to Jews in antiquity  exiled Jewish presence remained, Muslim Arabs 80% Conflict because both groups saw area as religious homeland

Problems in Palestine cont… 1890’s- Zionist movement- want to return Palestine to Jewish State Arabs- their ancestors have been there also Anti- Semitism throughout Europe made many Jews migrate to Palestine Balfour Declaration (British Government) –Support national home for Jews –Should not undermine rights of non- Jews there Founder of the Zionist movement

Problems with Palestine cont… Nazis increase- Jews flee to Palestine Jewish/ Muslim tensions flared Britain declared only 75,000 Jews could immigrate Intensified tension & violence

Brown areas= Palestinian Orange=Israeli