Students of Wafa Hozien Middletown HS, Maryland Wafa.Hozien@fcps.org Comparative Revolutions: Haitian, American, French, Mexican, Chinese, and Latin American Independence Movements 1750-1914 AP World History Students of Wafa Hozien Middletown HS, Maryland Wafa.Hozien@fcps.org

Haitian Revolution Began on August 22, 1781                                                                                Toussaint L'Ouverture, whose name means "the opening," opened the way to freedom for Blacks in Haiti and throughout the Western Hemisphere when he led his army of enslaved Africans against Napolean's top troops. Haiti's President Jean Bertrand Aristide declared 2003 "The Year of Toussaint" in honor of the 200th anniversary of his death in a French prison just before the Haitian Revolution won victory. When captured, Toussaint warned the French that they had cut down "only the trunk of the tree of liberty. It will spring up again by the roots, for they are numerous and deep." Haitian Revolution Began on August 22, 1781 Slave uprising against the French Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture organized a small military group In order to overcome powerful countries wanting to claim Haiti (France, England, and Spanish) Toussiant played powers off of one another, finally allying with French Toussaint L’Ouverture

Haitian Revolution Napoleon’s rule resulted in Toussiant’s death Jean-Jacques Dessalines was former slave who took over General Leclerc sent by Napoleon to deal with Haitians, bloody battles occurred Ended on November 28, 1803

Legacy of Haitian Revolution Symbol of freedom and hope to the rest of slaves in North America Slave owners became aware of chance of rebellion of slaves Slave shelters built by slave owners in case of an uprising

Beginnings of the Mexican Revolution General Porfirio Diaz was president of Mexico from 1876-1911 Mexico had political and economic stability, but at expense of farmers and laborers (only select few had wealth) Suppressed any uprisings with army Claimed that he was waiting until Mexico was ready for a democracy

Mexican Revolution In 1909, Francisco Madero formed Anti-Reelectionist Party, trying to oust General Diaz and form a democracy; ran for president in 1910 Madero imprisoned for “inciting rebellion” and Diaz won election Madero won election in 1911, but found most revolutionaries wanted immediate change which he couldn’t provide

Mexican Revolution Madero killed in 1913, and replaced by Victoriano Huerta Huerta didn’t stay true to revolutionary beliefs, left country in 1914 Huerta replaced by Venustiano Carranza who organized a convention that resulted in the formation of a new constitution in 1917

Chinese Revolution Revolution began in 1890s with fall of Ch’ing (Qing) dynasty After Boxer Rebellion in 1900, Western ideas dominated education and much of Chinese life 1911 Revolution began in southwestern province of Szechwan Motivated by plan to nationalize the railway

Chinese Revolution Sun Yat-sen was “Father of the Revolution” Educated in west, saw revolution as nationalist, social, and democratic revolution In 1905, Chinese United League formed By end of November of 1911, 2/3 of China had seceded from the Ch’ing empire In December, China proclaimed a republic with Sun Yat-sen as president

Chinese Revolution Yuan Shih-kai had been appointed as prime minister in 1911 On January 3, 1912, Yuan claimed he would get the Ch’ing dynasty to abdicate if he was offered the presidency Yuan appointed president on February 1, 1912 Yuan suppressed any rebellions, dissolving the parliament and becoming dictator in 1914 President Yuan Shikai

French Revolution

French Revolution The revolution’s start was in the 1780s with resentment towards royal power, food scarcity and the rise of Enlightenment ideas Louis XVI was forced to convoke the Estates-General Third estate made up of the lower class wanted more representation; declared themselves the National Assembly

French Revolution On June 20, 1789, the National Assembly swore the Tennis Court Oath Would not leave the tennis court until a new constitution had been made (Declaration of the rights of Man and the Citizen) On July 14, 1789, the prison of Bastile was taken by the rebellion, and served as a symbol of the revolution Feudalism abolished on August 4, 1789 Louis XVI

French Revolution Radical phase started by 1792; led by Maximilien Robespierre King was executed and the Reign of Terror occurred in which unpopular factions were destroyed Constitution proclaimed male suffrage, slavery temporaraliy abolished and spirit of nationalism Final phase of revolution occurred under Napoleon from 1799 to 1815 during which expansion of the French empire occurred Parliament reduced in power, but religious freedom, equality for men, education, were promoted

Prelude to the American Revolution Laws passed by the English government to limit expansion as well as pass laws on the American colonies American colonies looking for more independence Artisans and farmers looking for ways to promote social equality

American Revolution On June 15, 1775, the Continental Congress appoints George Washington general of Continental Army On June 17, 1775, the Battle of Bunker Hill occurs with the British winning, but at a huge cost In December of 1775, the American colonies are placed under an embargo May 2, 1776, France commits 1 million dollars in arms to the colonies and Spain also offers support Battle of Bunker Hill

American Revolution On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence is issued October 7, 1777- Battle of Saratoga results in 1st major American victory Articles of Confederation adopted on November 15, 1777 making Congress the sole authority In 1789, the U.S. sets up a new constitutional structure with checks and balances between the different branches of government as well as limited voting rights (to wealthy white males) Above - The signing of the Declaration.

The American Declaration of Independence (part) “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with inherent and [certain] inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness: that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, & to institute new government, laying it's foundation on such principles, & organizing it's powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety & happiness. Prudence indeed will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light & transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses & usurpations begun at a distinguished period and pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty to throw off such government, & to provide new guards for their future security.”

Latin American Independence Movements (Brazil) By end of 18th century, Brazil had grown in economic importance 1807, France invaded Portugal; Portuguese king moved to Brazil; Rio de Janeiro made capital Dom Joao VI moved back to Portugal in 1820, but son Dom Pedro I, stayed behind Pedro was called back to Portugal, but, after refusing, declared Brazil independent in 1822

Latin American Independence Movements (Peru) Jose San Martin was military commander in Argentina who wanted to secure Peruvian silver Peru still under Spanish control, upper class extremely conservative; but Napoleonic invasions of Spain sparked revolution San Martin was unable to defeat Spanish in interior, and with his withdrawal, Simon Bolivar took over Battles in 1824 such as battle of Ayacucho assured Peru’s independence (see next slide)

The Battle of Ayacucho Last major engagement in South American war for independence Fought on December 9, 1824 Resulted in victory by rebels under Antonio Jose de Sucre over a Spanish army under Jose de La Serna (viceroy of Peru) Sucre and Simon Bolivar defeated Spanish force in Junin, Peru (August 1824) La Serna marched against them from Cuzco with army of 10,000 Sucre with 6,000 South Americans, reluctant to enter battle but made stand in December Won advantage over La Serna before he had chance to organize troops Spaniards overcome and La Serna taken prisoner; end of Spanish power on mainland of South America

Latin American Independence Movements (Chile) In September 1810, open town meeting appointed junta made up of local leaders to rule (searching for more independence) Battle of Rancagua in October 1814, Spain regained control Carrera brothers and Bernard O’Higgins convinced Jose San Martin to help them Independence proclaimed in 1818 with O’Higgins as dictator Young Anti-War Protest

Causes/Motives of the Revolutions All revolutions resulted from peasant unrest Industrialization and economic hardships (food shortages) Nationalist ideas helped to spur on all revolutions Media played major role in advocating change; monarchs could publish newspapers supporting their actions, controlling the public’s knowledge, revolutionaries could also use media to support their beliefs of overthrowing the government Need to industrialize nations Artisans or peasants who wanted older economic values

Causes/Motives of the Revolutions continued Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that didn’t grant religious freedoms or insisted on aristocratic privilege Commercialization caused merchants to challenge idea that aristocrats hold highest power Population increase made it harder for anyone not aristocrat to gain office; led to protesting

Comparison of Causes and Motivations of Revolutions Haiti Mexico China France America Latin America Slaves wanted vengeance Slaves retained culture, wanted to reinstate it Planters wanted independence from France Free people of color wanted citizenship Slaves wanted freedom (under cruel conditions) Haitians received little profit from plantations (French got it all) Only select few were wealthy and educated; expense came to laborers People wanted representation (were politically repressed) Maldistribution of land (Expansion of large landed estates) Conflict with foreign powers (Ex: U.S.) and influx of foreign capital Mistreatment of American Indians Increasing internal disorders Pressure from foreign governments Weakness of central government (under Manchus) Imperial plan to nationalize the railway (wealthy gentry stood to lose investments) Urban intellectuals advocated westernization Military wanted freedom Large population as disease, food shortages& mortality declined Capitalism introduced, economy grew In lean years, 90% of peasantry lived at or below subsistence level Kings competed with officers for authority; kings wanted monarchy King had been involved in religious controversies Resisted Britain's attempts to impose taxes and trade controls on colonies Overpopulation led young men to seek new opportunities Growing commerce led to farmers and artisans looking for ways to defend social equality and community spirit Stamp Act of 1765 on all documents and pamphlets Conflict and invasion in mother country (Legitimacy of rulers) Restrictions on education and trade Conflict between political values (liberals and conservatives) American, French, and Haitian Revolutions Resented taxation and policies of mother countries

Role of Racism? The Haitian Revolution was main one whose causes centered around racism Haitian Revolution was slave uprising (Discrimination against blacks found in slavery) French saw Haitians as barbarians; thought they were only good working on plantations Latin Americans tired of being treated inferiorly by Europeans

Effect of Revolutions on Women Chinese Revolution tried to hold onto traditional ways Chinese women today still subjugated; men prefer not to marry women who have already been married Some women still are married for sole purpose of childbearing

Effects of Revolutions on Women continued Before Revolutions After Revolutions Women expected to be wives and mothers; could not vote or hold political office Unmarried women under authority of their fathers Once married, couldn't work, enter into contracts, or control own estates without husband’s permission Enlightenment ideas enforced beliefs that women biologically and socially different from men and should stick to domestic tasks Women secluded within homes; had to wear long skirts or dresses Lower class women had more freedom than those of upper class Women allowed to be educated: at first the sole purpose was to train them for “enlightened” role within the home Demand for teachers allowed for higher education; women became more confident and advocated women’s rights As 20th century progressed, women gained right to vote in addition to other civil liberties (Ex: raised hemline of dresses) When men went off to war, left openings in factory positions which were filled by women (proved themselves able to work in even heavy industry, including munitions)

Women’s Rights continued From Mary Cary. The New Jerusalem's Glory “And if there be very few men that are thus furnished with the gift of the Spirit; how few are the women! Not but that there are many godly women, many who have indeed received the Spirit: but in how small a measure is it? how weak are they? and how unable to prophesie? for it is that that I am speaking of, which this text says they shall do; which yet we see not fulfilled.... But the time is coming when this promise shall be fulfilled, and the Saints shall be abundantly filled with the spirit; and not only men, but women shall prophesie; not only aged men, but young men; not only superiours, but inferiours; not only those that have University learning, but those that have it not; even servants and handmaids..”

Rise of Democracy In Mexican Revolution, new constitution formed in 1917 that: - Redistributed land from wealthy landowners to peasants - was 1st to recognize collective labor rights - limited the foreign ownership of key resources Haitian Revolution, gave more equality to people of color and gained independence from France - Inspired other countries to form own democracy - Early constitutions balanced popular representation by imposing property restrictions of voters

Rise of Democracy French Revolution: - General Estates formed, consisting of 3 “estates”, or classes of people - 3rd estate known as Commons formed National Assembly - National Assembly abolished feudalism in 1789, aristocrats lost privileges; church land seized - Assembly published Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August 26, 1789 - Assembly became legislature of new government (parliament) - Constitution proclaimed individual rights

Rise of Democracy Chinese Revolution: - Constitution formed limited emperor’s power; said that parliamentary elections be held within 6 months of formation of government - Provincial assemblies were established in 1909 - National, democratically elected Consultative Assembly formed in 1910

Rise of Democracy American Revolution: - May 10, 1776, Congress allows each of colonies to form local governments - July 4, 1776, Declaration of Independence - U.S. Constitution set up in 1789 with checks and balances between different branches, guarantees of individual liberties, and limited voting rights Latin America - Local leaders were taking positions of greater importance - Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin both played important roles - Freedom of trade was reached both within the nations and internationally

Additional Reforms In China, the military was reorganized, the civil service exam was abolished in 1905, and Western ideas were being included in education Media played a large part in most revolutions (French, Latin American, etc.) promoting patriots ideas as well as monarchs ideas (increasing importance) France- Protestants regaining their rights, Louis XVI forced to produce annual publication of state of finances

Phase I of the Revolutions (old regime is weak, people are restless) Chinese Revolution- Collapse of Manchu dynasty; internal disorder, pressure from foreign government, weakness of central government French Revolution- Louis XVI losing power, Estates-General formed, 3rd estate (commoners) protesting taxes American Revolution- British placing new taxes on Americans, colonies restless, want new freedoms in economy and government

Phase I of Revolutions continued Mexican Revolution- General Porfiro Diaz is losing control, new political parties are being formed, farmers and laborers unhappy Haitian Revolution- French placing Haitian slaves under cruel conditions, there is social unrest and a wish for a share in the profits of the plantations Latin American Revolutions- countries were growing in economic importance because of their crops, European countries had hard time controlling them because of the distance between them

Phase II of Revolutions (better organized government, moderates in control) Chinese Revolution- Sun Yat-sen overthrew government, Yuan Shih-kai placed in power, constitution places checks on his power, demanding parliamentary elections French Revolution- 3rd estate in power, set up Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, constitution devised which proclaims individual liberties, manoralism abolished (aristocrats lost privileges) American Revolution- Rebels set up new government with constitution that places checks and balances between legislative and executive powers; voting rights widespread though limited

Phase II of Revolutions continued Mexican Revolution- Francisco Madero was proclaimed president, worked steadily toward bettering social and economic life Haitian Revolution- Toussaint L’Ouverture became leader, abolishing slavery and bringing peace (for a time) Latin America Independence movements- nations gained independence with the help of Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin

Phase III of the Revolutions (rise of radicals who illegally gain power) Chinese Revolution- Yuan Shih-kai assassinates Sun Yat-sen, dissolving the parliament and becoming dictator in 1914 French Revolution- Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) leads radicals in overthrowing monarchy, using terror tactics to rule (killing anyone in his way); proclaimed military conscription, temporarily abolished slavery, and came up with a new constitution which proclaimed universal male suffrage although it was not put into practice fully American Revolution- persecuted any remaining loyalists to Britain

Phase III of the Revolutions continued Mexican Revolution- Madero killed by Victoriano Huerta, but Constitutionalist movement drove out Huerta in 1914, causing Venustiano Carranza to come to power (helped to make constitution of 1917) Haitian Revolution- Invasion of French troops resulted in death of Toussaint and rise of Jean-Jacques Dessalines who ordered execution of all European opposing him, finally declared Haiti a republic in 1803 Latin American independence movements- no radical phase within this time period

Negative Effects of the Revolutions Mexican Revolution - Devastated the country - Killed 1.5 million people - Ranching and farming were disrupted French Revolution- - Radical phase resulted in deaths of opponents of revolution aided by guillotine - Incited further war, especially under Napoleon, in other countries - Destruction of property Destroyed Buildings

Negative Effects of the Revolution continued Haitian Revolution - Africans seen by General Leclerc (invading French officer) immediately killed - Instilled fear among slave owners, tighter restriction on slave rights (slaves couldn’t be taught to read) American Revolution - Deaths of about 7,000 Americans - New government deeply in debt, had to pay soldier’s salaries in addition to cost of food and weapons Chinese Revolution - Reforms didn’t benefit the peasants; benefited military, and aristocrats - Didn’t provide ample opposition against the warlords - Reforms made were not social, mainly political Latin America Did not receive full independence; still dependent European and U.S. economics

Global Connection Revolutions spurred on movements in other countries Introduced new political ideas (democracy, constitutions, etc.) used world wide In case of Haitian Revolution, inspired other slave rebellions Gave power to commoners/slaves; knew they could overthrow government American Revolution led to independence movements in other colonies escaping from European control

Bibliography Modern China: The 1911 Revolution by Richard Hooker; copyright 1996 http:www.wsu.edur.8080/~dee/MODCHINA/REV.HTM Map-the Chinese Revolution by Matthew White; copyright 1997 http:users.erols.com/mwhite28/chin-rev.htm Chinese Revolution; copyright Tiscali 2004 http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutcinson/m005603.html Nationalist Party of China http://encylopedia.thefreedictionary.comNationalist%20Party%20of%20 China The Haitian Revolution by Joanne Spadaro of School of Information Science and Policy at University of Albany, SUNY. http://www.albany.edu/~js3980/haitian-revolution.html The Haitian Revolution by Richard Hooker; copyright 1996 http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/DIASPORTA/HAITI.HTM

Bibliography continued Equality of Opportunity (Image) www.edci.purdue.edu/…/summer_institute.html The World Book Encyclopedia Set World Book, Inc. in Chicago. Copyright 2004 The Mexican Revolution of 1910; updated April 2004 http://www.mexonline.com/revolution.htm November 20: Commemoration of the Mexican Revolution; copyright 1999-2004 http://www.inside-mexico.com/revolucion.htm Mexican Revolution by Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution A Collaboration of Center for History and New Media and American Social History Project http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/#

Bibliography continued French Revolution by Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution The History Place http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/revolution/ Legislature.gif (image) www.ils.unc.edu/daniel/BOTNET/legislature.gif The Mexican Revolution: The Overthrow of Diaz and The Madero Regime 1910-1920; by Matthew White; last updated August 2000 users.erols.com-mwhite28/mexico.htm Haiti; wuarchive.wustl.edu/~aminet/pix/map/Haiti.jpg Haiti’s Long March Toward Freedom by J. Damu of the San Franciso Bay View; December 2003 kwsnet.com/weblog/2004/01/03.html The Struggle of Haitian workers- their alliance with Steelworkers Local by Steve Gillis. Boston, October 14, 1991 www.iacenter.org/haiti/boston-bus.htm

Bibliography continued The Phases of the French Revolution. October 20, 2004 http://www.historyhome.co.uk Louis XVI by Brooklyn College History Department. Copyright 1997 academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/…/0253/img0035.htm Modern History Sourcebook: Radical Women during the English Revolution http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/17women.html A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind by Jean Jacques Rousseau http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1782rousseau-inequal.html A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled. Copyright 1998 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/jefferson-autobio.html Image-government.jpg lawweb.usc.edu/…/pages/hoffman-profile.html

Bibliography continued The History Carper. Copyright 2000, Third millennium Publishing 3mpub.com/carper The American Revolution. Copyright 2000 by Addison-Wesley Education Publishers Inc. www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/maps.html Revolutions effect on the role of women in China and Russia (2004) http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/index.htm Creativity and Ancient China www.china.org.cn/english/NTW/200333.htm http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/sierra/sanmartin1814.htm Brazil in South America www.natal-brazil.com/maps/ Peru-flag www.truthinmedia.org/…/tim2000-8-10.html

Bibliography continued www.betabodega.com/…/photogallery.php Racism, History, and Lies www.suppressedhistories.net/catalog/intl2.html Women Protesting Labor visualhistory.freewebpages.org/TurnofCentury.html Battle of Ayacucho; Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. Copyright 1993-1995; Funk & Wagnalls Corporation Microsoft Clip Art Gallery World Civilizations: The Global Experience 4th edition By: Peter N. Stearns, Michael Adas, Stuart B. Schwartz, and Marc Jason Gilbert. Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.