1. Tuesday 1/21/14 RAP Why did you have yesterday off from school?
Why do we observe this in history?
Today:
Close reading and comparison of the Declaration of Independence and Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
Revolutions encouraged by the above.

2. Close reading and comparison of the Declaration of Independence and Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. (TITLE your notes )
As we read I want you and your partner to pull out information from each reading that are similar and different.
What differences did you write down?
What similarities did you write down?

3. Comparative Revolutions: Haitian, American, French, Mexican, Chinese, and Latin American Independence Movements

4. **Global Connection
Revolutions spurred on movements in other countries
Introduced new political ideas (democracy, constitutions, etc.) used world wide
In the case of Haitian Revolution, inspired other slave rebellions
Gave power to commoners/slaves; knew they could overthrow government
American Revolution led to independence movements in other colonies escaping from European control

5. Prelude to the American Revolution
Laws passed by the English government to limit expansion as well as pass laws on the American colonies
American colonies looking for more independence
Artisans and farmers looking for ways to promote social equality

6. American Revolution
On June 15, 1775, the Continental Congress appoints George Washington general of Continental Army
On June 17, 1775, the Battle of Bunker Hill occurs with the British winning, but at a huge cost
In December of 1775, the American colonies are placed under an embargo
May 2, 1776, France commits 1 million dollars in arms to the colonies and Spain also offers support
Battle of Bunker Hill

7. American Revolution Above - The signing of the Declaration.
**On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence is issued
October 7, Battle of Saratoga results in 1st major American victory
Articles of Confederation adopted on November 15, 1777 making Congress the sole authority
1781- last battle at Yorktown—Britain defeated.
1783-Paris Peace agreement between American colonists and GB
In 1789, the U.S. sets up a new constitutional structure with checks and balances between the different branches of government as well as limited voting rights (to wealthy white males)
Above - The signing of the Declaration.

8. Haitian Revolution Began on August 22, 1781
                                                                               Toussaint L'Ouverture, whose name means "the opening," opened the way to freedom for Blacks in Haiti and throughout the Western Hemisphere when he led his army of enslaved Africans against Napolean's top troops. Haiti's President Jean Bertrand Aristide declared 2003 "The Year of Toussaint" in honor of the 200th anniversary of his death in a French prison just before the Haitian Revolution won victory. When captured, Toussaint warned the French that they had cut down "only the trunk of the tree of liberty. It will spring up again by the roots, for they are numerous and deep."
Haitian Revolution
Began on August 22, 1781
Slave uprising against the French
Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture organized a small military group
In order to overcome powerful countries wanting to claim Haiti (France, England, and Spanish) Toussiant played powers off of one another, finally allying with French
Toussaint L’Ouverture

9. Haitian Revolution Napoleon’s rule resulted in Toussiant’s death
Jean-Jacques Dessalines was former slave who took over
General Leclerc sent by Napoleon to deal with Haitians, bloody battles occurred
Ended on November 28, 1803

10. Legacy of Haitian Revolution
Symbol of freedom and hope to the rest of slaves in North America
Slave owners became aware of chance of rebellion of slaves
Slave shelters built by slave owners in case of an uprising

11. Beginnings of the Mexican Revolution
General Porfirio Diaz was president of Mexico from
Mexico had political and economic stability, but at expense of farmers and laborers (only select few had wealth)
Suppressed any uprisings with army
Claimed that he was waiting until Mexico was ready for a democracy

12. Mexican Revolution
In 1909, Francisco Madero formed Anti-Reelectionist Party, trying to oust General Diaz and form a democracy; ran for president in 1910
Madero imprisoned for “inciting rebellion” and Diaz won election
Madero won election in 1911, but found most revolutionaries wanted immediate change which he couldn’t provide

13. Mexican Revolution
Madero killed in 1913, and replaced by Victoriano Huerta
Huerta didn’t stay true to revolutionary beliefs, left country in 1914
Huerta replaced by Venustiano Carranza who organized a convention that resulted in the formation of a new constitution in 1917

14. Chinese Revolution
Revolution began in 1890s with fall of Ch’ing (Qing) dynasty
After Boxer Rebellion in 1900, Western ideas dominated education and much of Chinese life
1911 Revolution began in southwestern province of Szechwan
Motivated by plan to nationalize the railway

15. Chinese Revolution Sun Yat-sen was “Father of the Revolution”
Educated in west, saw revolution as nationalist, social, and democratic revolution
In 1905, Chinese United League formed
By end of November of 1911, 2/3 of China had seceded from the Ch’ing empire
In December 1911, China proclaimed a republic with Sun Yat-sen as president

16. Chinese Revolution
Yuan Shih-kai had been appointed as prime minister in 1911
On January 3, 1912, Yuan claimed he would get the Ch’ing dynasty to abdicate if he was offered the presidency
Yuan appointed president on February 1, 1912
Yuan suppressed any rebellions, dissolving the parliament and becoming dictator in 1914
President Yuan Shikai

17. Latin American Independence Movements (Brazil)
By end of 18th century, Brazil had grown in economic importance
1807, France invaded Portugal; Portuguese king moved to Brazil; Rio de Janeiro made capital
Dom Joao VI moved back to Portugal in 1820, but son Dom Pedro I, stayed behind
Pedro was called back to Portugal, but, after refusing,** declared Brazil independent in 1822

18. Latin American Independence Movements (Peru)
Jose San Martin was military commander in Argentina who wanted to secure Peruvian silver
Peru still under Spanish control, upper class extremely conservative; but Napoleonic invasions of Spain sparked revolution
San Martin was unable to defeat Spanish in interior, and with his withdrawal, Simon Bolivar took over
Battles in 1824 such as battle of Ayacucho assured Peru’s independence

19. Latin American Independence Movements (Chile)
In September 1810, open town meeting appointed junta made up of local leaders to rule (searching for more independence)
Battle of Rancagua in October 1814, Spain regained control
Carrera brothers and Bernard O’Higgins convinced Jose San Martin to help them
**Independence proclaimed in 1818 with O’Higgins as dictator
Young Anti-War Protest

20. **Causes/Motives of the Revolutions
All revolutions resulted from peasant unrest
Industrialization and economic hardships (food shortages)
Nationalist ideas helped to spur on all revolutions
Media played major role in advocating change; monarchs could publish newspapers supporting their actions, controlling the public’s knowledge, revolutionaries could also use media to support their beliefs of overthrowing the government
Need to industrialize nations
Artisans or peasants who wanted older economic values

21. **Causes/Motives of the Revolutions continued
Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that didn’t grant religious freedoms or insisted on aristocratic privilege
Commercialization caused merchants to challenge idea that aristocrats hold highest power
Population increase made it harder for anyone not aristocrat to gain office; led to protesting

22. Comparison of Causes and Motivations of Revolutions
Haiti
Mexico
China
France
America
Latin America
Slaves wanted vengeance
Slaves retained culture, wanted to reinstate it
Planters wanted independence from France
Free people of color wanted citizenship
Slaves wanted freedom (under cruel conditions)
Haitians received little profit from plantations (French got it all)
Only select few were wealthy and educated; expense came to laborers
People wanted representation (were politically repressed)
Maldistribution of land (Expansion of large landed estates)
Conflict with foreign powers (Ex: U.S.) and influx of foreign capital
Mistreatment of American Indians
Increasing internal disorders
Pressure from foreign governments
Weakness of central government (under Manchus)
Imperial plan to nationalize the railway (wealthy gentry stood to lose investments)
Urban intellectuals advocated westernization
Military wanted freedom
Large population as disease, food shortages& mortality declined
Capitalism introduced, economy grew
In lean years, 90% of peasantry lived at or below subsistence level
Kings competed with officers for authority; kings wanted monarchy
King had been involved in religious controversies
Resisted Britain's attempts to impose taxes and trade controls on colonies
Overpopulation led young men to seek new opportunities
Growing commerce led to farmers and artisans looking for ways to defend social equality and community spirit
Stamp Act of 1765 on all documents and pamphlets
Conflict and invasion in mother country (Legitimacy of rulers)
Restrictions on education and trade
Conflict between political values (liberals and conservatives)
American, French, and Haitian Revolutions
Resented taxation and policies of mother countries

23. **Effects of Revolutions on Women continued
Before Revolutions
After Revolutions
Women expected to be wives and mothers; could not vote or hold political office
Unmarried women under authority of their fathers
Once married, couldn't work, enter into contracts, or control own estates without husband’s permission
Enlightenment ideas enforced beliefs that women biologically and socially different from men and should stick to domestic tasks
Women secluded within homes; had to wear long skirts or dresses
Lower class women had more freedom than those of upper class
Women allowed to be educated: at first the sole purpose was to train them for “enlightened” role within the home
Demand for teachers allowed for higher education; women became more confident and advocated women’s rights
As 20th century progressed, women gained right to vote in addition to other civil liberties (Ex: raised hemline of dresses)
When men went off to war, left openings in factory positions which were filled by women (proved themselves able to work in even heavy industry, including munitions)

24. **Rise of Democracy
In Mexican Revolution, new constitution formed in 1917 that:
- Redistributed land from wealthy landowners to peasants
- was 1st to recognize collective labor rights
- limited the foreign ownership of key resources
Haitian Revolution, gave more equality to people of color and gained independence from France
- Inspired other countries to form own democracy
- Early constitutions balanced popular representation by imposing property restrictions of voters

25. Rise of Democracy **French Revolution:
- Assembly published Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August 26, 1789
- Assembly became legislature of new government (parliament)
- Constitution proclaimed individual rights

26. Rise of Democracy **Chinese Revolution:
- Constitution formed limited emperor’s power; said that parliamentary elections be held within 6 months of formation of government
- Provincial assemblies were established in 1909
- National, democratically elected Consultative Assembly formed in 1910

27. Rise of Democracy **American Revolution:
- May 10, 1776, Congress allows each of colonies to form local governments
- July 4, 1776, Declaration of Independence
- U.S. Constitution set up in 1789 with checks and balances between different branches, guarantees of individual liberties, and limited voting rights
**Latin America
- Local leaders were taking positions of greater importance
-- Freedom of trade was reached both within the nations and internationally

28. **Negative Effects of the Revolutions
Mexican Revolution
- Devastated the country
- Killed 1.5 million people
- Ranching and farming were disrupted
French Revolution-
- Radical phase resulted in deaths of opponents of revolution aided by guillotine
- Incited further war, especially under Napoleon, in other countries
- Destruction of property
Destroyed Buildings

29. **Negative Effects of the Revolution continued
Haitian Revolution
- Africans seen by General Leclerc (invading French officer) immediately killed
- Instilled fear among slave owners, tighter restriction on slave rights (slaves couldn’t be taught to read)
American Revolution
- Deaths of about 7,000 Americans
- New government deeply in debt, had to pay soldier’s salaries in addition to cost of food and weapons
Chinese Revolution
- Reforms didn’t benefit the peasants; benefited military, and aristocrats
- Didn’t provide ample opposition against the warlords
- Reforms made were not social, mainly political
Latin America
Did not receive full
independence; still dependent
European and U.S.
economics

30. Bibliography
Modern China: The 1911 Revolution by Richard Hooker; copyright
Map-the Chinese Revolution by Matthew White; copyright 1997
Chinese Revolution; copyright Tiscali 2004
Nationalist Party of China
China
The Haitian Revolution by Joanne Spadaro of School of Information Science and Policy at University of Albany, SUNY.
The Haitian Revolution by Richard Hooker; copyright 1996

31. Bibliography continued
Equality of Opportunity (Image)
The World Book Encyclopedia Set
World Book, Inc. in Chicago. Copyright 2004
The Mexican Revolution of 1910; updated April 2004
November 20: Commemoration of the Mexican Revolution; copyright
Mexican Revolution by Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution
A Collaboration of Center for History and New Media and American Social History Project

32. Bibliography continued
French Revolution by Wikipedia
The History Place
Legislature.gif (image)
The Mexican Revolution: The Overthrow of Diaz and The Madero Regime ; by Matthew White; last updated August 2000
users.erols.com-mwhite28/mexico.htm
Haiti; wuarchive.wustl.edu/~aminet/pix/map/Haiti.jpg
Haiti’s Long March Toward Freedom by J. Damu of the San Franciso Bay View; December 2003
kwsnet.com/weblog/2004/01/03.html
The Struggle of Haitian workers- their alliance with Steelworkers Local by Steve Gillis. Boston, October 14, 1991

33. Bibliography continued
The Phases of the French Revolution. October 20, 2004
Louis XVI by Brooklyn College History Department. Copyright 1997
academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/…/0253/img0035.htm
Modern History Sourcebook: Radical Women during the English Revolution
A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind by Jean Jacques Rousseau
A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled. Copyright 1998
Image-government.jpg
lawweb.usc.edu/…/pages/hoffman-profile.html

34. Bibliography continued
The History Carper. Copyright 2000, Third millennium Publishing
3mpub.com/carper
The American Revolution. Copyright 2000 by Addison-Wesley Education Publishers Inc.
Revolutions effect on the role of women in China and Russia (2004)
Creativity and Ancient China
Brazil in South America
Peru-flag

35. Bibliography continued
Racism, History, and Lies
Women Protesting Labor
visualhistory.freewebpages.org/TurnofCentury.html
Battle of Ayacucho; Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia.
Copyright ; Funk & Wagnalls Corporation
Microsoft Clip Art Gallery
World Civilizations: The Global Experience 4th edition
By: Peter N. Stearns, Michael Adas, Stuart B. Schwartz, and Marc Jason Gilbert. Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.