1. Revolutions: Haitian, American, French, and Latin American Independence Movements 1700s-1800s

2. Haitian Revolution Began on August 22, 1781
Slave uprising against the French
Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture organized a small military group
In order to overcome powerful countries wanting to claim Haiti (France, England, and Spanish) Toussiant played powers off of one another, finally allying with French
Toussaint L’Ouverture

3. Haitian Revolution
Napoleon’s rule resulted in Toussiant L’Ouverture’s death
Jean-Jacques Dessalines was former slave who took over for Toussaint L’Ouverture
General Leclerc sent by Napoleon to deal with Haitians - bloody battles occurred
Ended on November 28, 1803

4. Legacy of Haitian Revolution
Symbol of freedom and hope to the rest of slaves in North America
Slave owners became aware of chance of rebellion of slaves
Slave shelters built by slave owners in case of an uprising
Haitian RevolutionVideo

5. French Revolution

6. French Revolution
The revolution’s start was in the 1780s with resentment towards royal power, food scarcity and the rise of Enlightenment ideas
Louis XVI was forced to convoke the Estates-General
Third estate made up of the lower class wanted more representation; declared themselves the National Assembly

7. French Revolution
On June 20, 1789, the National Assembly swore the Tennis Court Oath
Would not leave the tennis court until a new constitution had been made (Declaration of the rights of Man and the Citizen)
On July 14, 1789, the prison of Bastille was taken by the rebellion and served as a symbol of the revolution
Feudalism abolished on August 4, 1789
Louis XVI

8. French Revolution
Radical phase started by 1792; led by Maximilien Robespierre
King was executed and the Reign of Terror occurred in which unpopular factions were destroyed
Constitution proclaimed male suffrage, slavery temporarily abolished, and spirit of nationalism
Final phase of revolution occurred under Napoleon from 1799 to 1815 during which expansion of the French empire occurred
Parliament reduced in power, but religious freedom, equality for men, education, were promoted
French Revolution Video

9. Prelude to the American Revolution
Laws passed by the English government to limit expansion as well as pass laws on the American colonies (taxation, etc.)
American colonies looking for more independence
Artisans and farmers looking for ways to promote social equality

10. American Revolution
On June 15, 1775, the Continental Congress appoints George Washington general of Continental Army
On June 17, 1775, the Battle of Bunker Hill occurs with the British winning, but at a huge cost
In December of 1775, the American colonies are placed under an embargo
May 2, 1776, France commits 1 million dollars in arms to the colonies and Spain also offers support
Battle of Bunker Hill

11. American Revolution
On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence is issued
October 7, Battle of Saratoga results in 1st major American victory
Articles of Confederation adopted on November 15, 1777 making Congress the sole authority
In 1789, the U.S. sets up a new constitutional structure with checks and balances between the different branches of government as well as limited voting rights (to wealthy white males)
American Revolution Video
Above - The signing of the Declaration of Independence.

12. Latin American Independence Movements (Brazil)
By end of 18th century, Brazil had grown in economic importance
1807, France invaded Portugal; Portuguese king moved to Brazil; Rio de Janeiro made capital
Dom Joao VI moved back to Portugal in 1820, but son Dom Pedro I, stayed behind
Pedro was called back to Portugal, but, after refusing, declared Brazil independent in 1822

13. Latin American Independence Movements (Peru)
Jose San Martin was military commander in Argentina who wanted to secure Peruvian silver
Peru still under Spanish control, upper class extremely conservative; but Napoleonic invasions of Spain sparked revolution
San Martin was unable to defeat Spanish in interior, and with his withdrawal, Simon Bolivar took over
Battles in 1824 such as battle of Ayacucho assured Peru’s independence (see next slide)

14. Latin American Independence Movements (Chile)
In September 1810, open town meeting appointed junta made up of local leaders to rule (searching for more independence)
Battle of Rancagua in October 1814, Spain regained control
Carrera brothers and Bernard O’Higgins convinced Jose San Martin to help them
Independence proclaimed in 1818 with O’Higgins as dictator
Latin American Revolutions Video
Young Anti-War Protest

15. Causes/Motives of the Revolutions
All revolutions resulted from peasant unrest
Industrialization and economic hardships (food shortages)
Nationalist ideas helped to spur on all revolutions
Media played major role in advocating change; monarchs could publish newspapers supporting their actions, controlling the public’s knowledge, revolutionaries could also use media to support their beliefs of overthrowing the government
Need to industrialize nations
Artisans or peasants who wanted older economic values

16. Causes/Motives of the Revolutions (continued)
Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that didn’t grant religious freedoms or insisted on aristocratic privilege
Commercialization caused merchants to challenge idea that aristocrats hold highest power
Population increase made it harder for anyone not aristocrat to gain office; led to protesting

17. **Causes of Revolutions**
Haiti
France
America
Latin America
Slaves wanted vengeance
Slaves retained culture, wanted to reinstate it
Planters wanted independence from France
Free people of color wanted citizenship
Slaves wanted freedom (under cruel conditions)
Haitians received little profit from plantations (French got it all)
Large population as disease, food shortages& mortality declined
Capitalism introduced, economy grew
In lean years, 90% of peasantry lived at or below subsistence level
Kings competed with officers for authority; kings wanted monarchy
King had been involved in religious controversies
Resisted Britain's attempts to impose taxes and trade controls on colonies
Overpopulation led young men to seek new opportunities
Growing commerce led to farmers and artisans looking for ways to defend social equality and community spirit
Stamp Act of 1765 on all documents and pamphlets
Conflict and invasion in mother country (Legitimacy of rulers)
Restrictions on education and trade
Conflict between political values (liberals and conservatives)
American, French, and Haitian Revolutions
Resented taxation and policies of mother countries

18. Effects of Revolutions

19. Positive Effect: Rise of Democracy
Haitian Revolution gave more equality to people of color and helped them gain independence from France
- Inspired other countries to form own democracy
- Early constitutions balanced popular representation by imposing property restrictions on voters

20. Positive Effect: Rise of Democracy
French Revolution:
- General Estates formed, consisting of 3 “estates”, or classes of people
- 3rd estate known as Commons formed National Assembly
- National Assembly abolished feudalism in 1789, aristocrats lost privileges; church land seized
- Assembly published Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August 26, 1789
- Assembly became legislature of new government (parliament)
- Constitution proclaimed individual rights

21. Positive Effect: Rise of Democracy
American Revolution:
- May 10, 1776, Congress allowed each of colonies to form local governments
- July 4, 1776, Declaration of Independence
- U.S. Constitution set up in 1789 with checks and balances between different branches, guarantees of individual liberties, and limited voting rights
Latin America
- Local leaders were taking positions of greater importance
- Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin both played important roles
- Freedom of trade was reached both within the nations and internationally

22. Positive Effect: Additional Reforms
Media played a large part in most revolutions (French, Latin American, etc.) promoting patriots’ ideas as well as monarchs’ ideas (increasing importance)
France - Protestants regaining their rights; Louis XVI forced to produce annual publication of state of finances = accountability

23. Negative Effects of the Revolutions
Haitian Revolution
- Africans seen by General Leclerc (invading French officer) immediately killed
- Instilled fear among slave owners, tighter restriction on slave rights (slaves couldn’t be taught to read)
French Revolution
- Radical phase resulted in deaths of opponents of revolution aided by guillotine
- Incited further war, especially under Napoleon, in other countries
- Destruction of property

24. Negative Effects of the Revolutions (continued)
American Revolution
- Deaths of about 7,000 Americans
- New government deeply in debt, had to pay soldier’s salaries in addition to cost of food and weapons
Latin America
Did not receive full independence; still dependent on
European and U.S. economies

25. Global Connection Revolutions spurred on movements in other countries
Introduced new political ideas (democracy, constitutions, etc.) used worldwide
In case of Haitian Revolution, inspired other slave rebellions
Gave power to commoners/slaves; knew they could overthrow government
American Revolution led to independence movements in other colonies escaping from European control