Cold War Conflict between the US and the Soviet Union dating from the late 1940’s to the late 1980’s, when the two superpowers competed for world influence without declaring military action at each other Conflict between the US and the Soviet Union dating from the late 1940’s to the late 1980’s, when the two superpowers competed for world influence without declaring military action at each other

Nuclear Weapons Weapon whose destructive power comes from an uncontrolled nuclear reaction. They release enormous power and cause mass destruction. Weapon whose destructive power comes from an uncontrolled nuclear reaction. They release enormous power and cause mass destruction.

Deterrence Maintenance of military power for the purpose of discouraging an attack. Maintenance of military power for the purpose of discouraging an attack.

Benelux Countries Union formed between Union formed between –Belgium –Netherlands –Luxembourg

European Common Market Benelux countries with West Germany, France and Italy to have tax-free trade among themselves. Benelux countries with West Germany, France and Italy to have tax-free trade among themselves. Workers from one country could take jobs in any of the other countries. Workers from one country could take jobs in any of the other countries Denmark, Great Britain, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, and Greece joined what is now called the European Union Denmark, Great Britain, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, and Greece joined what is now called the European Union

Satellite Nation Nation politically and economically dominated or controlled by another, more powerful country Nation politically and economically dominated or controlled by another, more powerful country Controlled by Soviet Union Controlled by Soviet Union –Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and East Germany Became communist Became communist

Blockade Closed off all land and water traffic Closed off all land and water traffic Side note: Soviet zone in Berlin. Wanted to force the three powers (USA, Great Britain, France) to leave the city and not help Side note: Soviet zone in Berlin. Wanted to force the three powers (USA, Great Britain, France) to leave the city and not help

Airlift System of carrying supplies by aircraft System of carrying supplies by aircraft Side note: USA and France airlifted supplies into Berlin for 11-months until Soviet Union lifted blockade. Side note: USA and France airlifted supplies into Berlin for 11-months until Soviet Union lifted blockade. That same year, two separate governments were set up in Germany. That same year, two separate governments were set up in Germany.

Berlin Wall 3 million people fled fom East Germany to go to West Germany (freedom) 3 million people fled fom East Germany to go to West Germany (freedom) August 1961 a wall was built between East (communist) and West (non-communist) Berlin. August 1961 a wall was built between East (communist) and West (non-communist) Berlin. People would risk their lives to seek freedom and go over the wall People would risk their lives to seek freedom and go over the wall

Glasnost Russian policy of “openness,” which permitted Soviet people to criticize the government without punishment Russian policy of “openness,” which permitted Soviet people to criticize the government without punishment

Perestroika Soviet policy that loosened government controls and permitted its economy to move towards capitalism Soviet policy that loosened government controls and permitted its economy to move towards capitalism

Capitalism Economic system that allows private ownership and open competition of businesses. Economic system that allows private ownership and open competition of businesses.

Marshall Plan Loan program started by the United States. Loan program started by the United States. Helped rebuild Europe Helped rebuild Europe Tried to stop the spread of communism Tried to stop the spread of communism Factories were rebuilt Factories were rebuilt Mines reopened Mines reopened Roads were repaired Roads were repaired

Truman Doctrine Named after the US President Harry S. Truman. US offered military aid to countries such as Greece and Turkey that were engaged in fighting communism inside their borders.

NATO * North Atlantic Treaty Organization *Formed to respond to possible attacks by the Soviet Union *Each member country agreed to treat an attack on any other member as an attack on itself

Warsaw Pact * Soviet Union formed its satellites (country dependent upon a stronger power) into an anti-Western military alliance *Named after the Polish capital city of Warsaw

Race to Space Between USA and Russia Between USA and Russia Russia was the first to launch (Sputnik 1) in 1957 Russia was the first to launch (Sputnik 1) in 1957 –It orbited the Earth USA became leader in 1967 USA became leader in 1967 –Neil Armstrong walked on the moon Russia put a lot of money towards their space program Russia put a lot of money towards their space program

End of the Cold War Russia spent large sums on money on military and space ventures Russia spent large sums on money on military and space ventures –General economics fell Mikhail Gorbachev became leader in 1985 and introduced reform to move country capitalism Mikhail Gorbachev became leader in 1985 and introduced reform to move country capitalism