IX. Classical Chamber Music

Classical Chamber Music Designed for intimate setting of a room in a home or palace, rather than for a public concert hall Designed for intimate setting of a room in a home or palace, rather than for a public concert hall 2-9 musicians, one player to a part 2-9 musicians, one player to a part Lighter in sound than classical orchestral music Lighter in sound than classical orchestral music

It’s intended to be pleasurable for a performer as well as the listener. It’s intended to be pleasurable for a performer as well as the listener. The group is a team- each individual part is essential! The group is a team- each individual part is essential! There is NO conductor needed- each individual needs musical sensitivity There is NO conductor needed- each individual needs musical sensitivity String Quartet: 2 violins, 1 viola & 1 cello. String Quartet: 2 violins, 1 viola & 1 cello.

String Quartet: 2 violins, 1 viola & 1 cello. … Is usually in 4 movements: … Is usually in 4 movements: 1) fast 1) fast 2) slow 2) slow 3) minuet or scherzo 3) minuet or scherzo 4) fast 4) fast Other types of chamber music: Other types of chamber music: Sonata for violin and piano Sonata for violin and piano Piano trio (violin, cello, piano) Piano trio (violin, cello, piano) String Quintet (2 violins, 2 violas, cello) String Quintet (2 violins, 2 violas, cello)

X. Franz Joseph Haydn ( )

Haydn Born in Austria Born in Austria At a young age he was sent to live with a relative who gave basic music lessons for 2 years. At a young age he was sent to live with a relative who gave basic music lessons for 2 years. Age 8- went to Vienna where he became a choirboy in the Cathedral of St. Stephen. Age 8- went to Vienna where he became a choirboy in the Cathedral of St. Stephen. His voice changed and was kicked out. Struggled for years giving lessons and teaching himself composition. His voice changed and was kicked out. Struggled for years giving lessons and teaching himself composition.

Haydn Age 29 (1761)- he entered the service of the “Esterhazy’s” (richest and most powerful of the Hungarian noble families). Age 29 (1761)- he entered the service of the “Esterhazy’s” (richest and most powerful of the Hungarian noble families). Highly skilled servant Highly skilled servant Composed all the music requested by his patron Composed all the music requested by his patron Conducted the orchestra of about 25 players Conducted the orchestra of about 25 players Coached singers Coached singers Oversaw the condition of instruments and operation of music library Oversaw the condition of instruments and operation of music library

Haydn He was unhappily married, even though, he was good-humored and unselfish. He was unhappily married, even though, he was good-humored and unselfish. Very conscientious about his professional duties, he cared about the personal interests of his musicians. Very conscientious about his professional duties, he cared about the personal interests of his musicians. Met Mozart in early 1780’s and became close friends Met Mozart in early 1780’s and became close friends Prince Nicholas Esterhazy died and Haydn went to London Prince Nicholas Esterhazy died and Haydn went to London

Haydn He was very successful in London. Aristocracy wined and dined him and he was even given an honorary doctorate at Oxford. He was very successful in London. Aristocracy wined and dined him and he was even given an honorary doctorate at Oxford. Returned to Vienna in 1795 to work for Nicholas II. Nick only liked religious music so Haydn composed masses and oratorios for him. Returned to Vienna in 1795 to work for Nicholas II. Nick only liked religious music so Haydn composed masses and oratorios for him.oratorios

Haydn Haydn died in 1809 (77 years old), while Napoleon’s army was occupying Vienna. Haydn died in 1809 (77 years old), while Napoleon’s army was occupying Vienna. His wide recognition was obvious in a memorial service held for him. Joining the Viennese were French generals and an honor guard of French soldiers. His wide recognition was obvious in a memorial service held for him. Joining the Viennese were French generals and an honor guard of French soldiers.

Haydn’s Music A pathfinder for classical style. A pioneer in the development of the symphony and string quartet. A pathfinder for classical style. A pioneer in the development of the symphony and string quartet. Mozart and Beethoven both influenced his style. Mozart and Beethoven both influenced his style. Many of his works have a folk-like flavor due to his exposure to peasant tunes and folk music his father would sing when he was a young child. Many of his works have a folk-like flavor due to his exposure to peasant tunes and folk music his father would sing when he was a young child.

Haydn’s Music He was a master at developing themes. He was a master at developing themes. Wrote 104 symphonies, 68 string quartets, oratorios, piano sonatas, piano trios, divertimentos, concertos, operas, and masses! Wrote 104 symphonies, 68 string quartets, oratorios, piano sonatas, piano trios, divertimentos, concertos, operas, and masses!

Symphony No. 94 (The Surprise) Remember… Movement 2 is widely known for its use of “Theme and Variations” Remember… Movement 2 is widely known for its use of “Theme and Variations” (Could this be on the test? Yes…) (Could this be on the test? Yes…)

XI. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( )

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Born in Salzburg, Austria Born in Salzburg, Austria Child Prodigy Child Prodigy Age 6- could play harpsichord and violin, improvise fugues, write minuets, read music perfectly at first sight Age 6- could play harpsichord and violin, improvise fugues, write minuets, read music perfectly at first sight Age 8- wrote symphony Age 8- wrote symphony Age 11- wrote an oratorio Age 11- wrote an oratorio Age 12- wrote an opera Age 12- wrote an opera

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart His father, Leopold, was a court musician. He liked to show off Mozart. His father, Leopold, was a court musician. He liked to show off Mozart. During Holy Week in Rome they heard the Sistine Chapel performing a treasured work that was their property During Holy Week in Rome they heard the Sistine Chapel performing a treasured work that was their property Anyone caught copying was to be punished by excommunication Anyone caught copying was to be punished by excommunication Mozart (14) heard it once, copied it perfectly. Mozart (14) heard it once, copied it perfectly. He escaped punishment and was knighted by the pope for his musical accomplishments He escaped punishment and was knighted by the pope for his musical accomplishments

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart The irony is that Mozart had more acclaim as a boy wonder than as an adult musician. The irony is that Mozart had more acclaim as a boy wonder than as an adult musician. He began his professional life as an international celebrity, pampered by kings. He began his professional life as an international celebrity, pampered by kings years old- traveled to Vienna to become a freelance musician years old- traveled to Vienna to become a freelance musician.

Freelancing in Vienna His first few years were successful. His first few years were successful. Popularity began to decline when he began using dissonance more. Popularity began to decline when he began using dissonance more. During his last year, he was happier and more successful- wrote The Magic Flute During his last year, he was happier and more successful- wrote The Magic Flute A stranger visited him asking for a requiem (a mass for the dead) A stranger visited him asking for a requiem (a mass for the dead) He died on Dec 5, 1791, of rheumatic fever at only 35. He died on Dec 5, 1791, of rheumatic fever at only 35. He did not finish the requiem, Franz Sussymeyer, one of his pupils did. He did not finish the requiem, Franz Sussymeyer, one of his pupils did.

Mozart’s music Most versatile of all composers, wrote masterpieces in all the musical forms of his time. Most versatile of all composers, wrote masterpieces in all the musical forms of his time. He believed that music “must never offend the ear, but must please the hearer, or in other words, must never cease to be music”. He believed that music “must never offend the ear, but must please the hearer, or in other words, must never cease to be music”. His compositions sound effortless His compositions sound effortless

Mozart’s music Wrote more than 600 compositions, catalogued during 19 th c. by Ludwig von Kochel (K. #’s). Wrote more than 600 compositions, catalogued during 19 th c. by Ludwig von Kochel (K. #’s). Master of opera- few composers have matched his ability to coordinate music and stage action (both serious and comic). Master of opera- few composers have matched his ability to coordinate music and stage action (both serious and comic). Influenced by Italian opera and J.C., J.S. Bach, and Haydn Influenced by Italian opera and J.C., J.S. Bach, and Haydn

C Mozart T Requiem in D minor K. 626; Dies Irae D 1791 D 1791 S Orchestra, Choir S Orchestra, Choir H D minor H D minor M R Duple R Duple F Requiem F Requiem T Homophonic/ Latin “Day of Wrath” T Homophonic/ Latin “Day of Wrath”

The Magic Flute Was working on this at the same time an anonymous letter came in the hands of a stranger, asking to commission a Mass for the Dead, The Requiem Mass. Was working on this at the same time an anonymous letter came in the hands of a stranger, asking to commission a Mass for the Dead, The Requiem Mass. Working on several things at once, became overwhelmed and died of Rheumatic Fever on December 5 th, Working on several things at once, became overwhelmed and died of Rheumatic Fever on December 5 th, “Die Zauberflote” was wildly successful! “Die Zauberflote” was wildly successful! Too little, too late. Too little, too late.

XII. Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven Born in Bonn, Germany Born in Bonn, Germany Came from a family of musicians Came from a family of musicians Age 11- served as assistant to the court organist Age 11- served as assistant to the court organist Age 12- had several piano compositions published Age 12- had several piano compositions published Age 16- went to Vienna to improvise for Mozart Age 16- went to Vienna to improvise for Mozart Mozart said, “Keep your eyes on him, someday he will give the world something to talk about”. Mozart said, “Keep your eyes on him, someday he will give the world something to talk about”.

Ludwig van Beethoven Returned to Bonn, his mother was ill and died. Father became an alcoholic and was dismissed from the court choir. Returned to Bonn, his mother was ill and died. Father became an alcoholic and was dismissed from the court choir. Beethoven became the legal guardian of his two younger brothers at 18. Beethoven became the legal guardian of his two younger brothers at 18.

Age 21- left Bonn to study with Haydn in Vienna Age 21- left Bonn to study with Haydn in Vienna Stayed in Vienna the rest of his life Stayed in Vienna the rest of his life First 7 years brought hard work, growing confidence, and public praise. First 7 years brought hard work, growing confidence, and public praise. He rebelled against social convention, saying an artist deserved as much respect as the nobility He rebelled against social convention, saying an artist deserved as much respect as the nobility This worked for him, not Mozart. This worked for him, not Mozart.

Ludwig van Beethoven Age 29- felt the first symptoms of deafness Age 29- felt the first symptoms of deafness (Very detrimental to him- in a letter to his brothers, he wrote that he would have ended his life, but it was only his art that kept him from it.) (Very detrimental to him- in a letter to his brothers, he wrote that he would have ended his life, but it was only his art that kept him from it.) His victory over despair is reflected in his compositions- new power and heroism in his works His victory over despair is reflected in his compositions- new power and heroism in his works

The mystery man Self-educated and widely read in Shakespeare Self-educated and widely read in Shakespeare Very weak in elementary arithmetic Very weak in elementary arithmetic (Claimed the highest moral principles) (Claimed the highest moral principles) (But was often unscrupulous in dealing with publishers.) (But was often unscrupulous in dealing with publishers.) Orderly and methodical when composing… Orderly and methodical when composing… …but dressed sloppily and lived in incredibly messy apartments (Lived 35 years in Vienna, he moved 40 times.) (Lived 35 years in Vienna, he moved 40 times.)

Orderly and methodical when composing… Orderly and methodical when composing… …but dressed sloppily and lived in incredibly messy apartments (Lived 35 years in Vienna, he moved 40 times.) (Lived 35 years in Vienna, he moved 40 times.)

Ludwig van Beethoven He fell in and out of love with several women, mostly of noble birth, never forming a lasting relationship He fell in and out of love with several women, mostly of noble birth, never forming a lasting relationship As his hearing weakened, so did his piano playing and conducting As his hearing weakened, so did his piano playing and conducting By 44 he was forced to stop playing in public, however, he insisted on conducting his orchestral works. By 44 he was forced to stop playing in public, however, he insisted on conducting his orchestral works. The performers would be confused about his gestures and it would become chaotic The performers would be confused about his gestures and it would become chaotic

Ludwig van Beethoven His sense of isolation grew with his deafness. His sense of isolation grew with his deafness. People would communicate through an ear trumpet and during his last 8 years, he would carry a notebook with him for people to write on. People would communicate through an ear trumpet and during his last 8 years, he would carry a notebook with him for people to write on.

Ludwig van Beethoven His brother died, and he got custody of his son. His brother died, and he got custody of his son. Problem child, attempted suicide, and shattered Beethoven’s world Problem child, attempted suicide, and shattered Beethoven’s world People talked about Beethoven losing it and never composing again. People talked about Beethoven losing it and never composing again. He proved them wrong by composing some of his most outstanding works in total deafness. He proved them wrong by composing some of his most outstanding works in total deafness. Ninth Symphony & Missa solemnis Ninth Symphony & Missa solemnis

C Beethoven T Symphony No. 5 I Mvt; Allegro con brio D 1808 D 1808 S Woodwind, Timpani, Strings S Woodwind, Timpani, Strings H C minor H C minor M A Section- Famous melody B Section- Horn solo, lyrical strings M A Section- Famous melody B Section- Horn solo, lyrical strings R Duple 2/4 R Duple 2/4 F Sonata F Sonata T Polyphonic T Polyphonic

SYMPHONY NO. 9 (Ode to Joy) Leonard Bernstein conducting the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra in this video clip… Leonard Bernstein conducting the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra in this video clip… video clip… video clip…