1. The Classical Style (1750- 1820) Background  belief in progress reason, not custom or tradition, was the best guide for human conduct middle-class vs. aristocracy American & French Revolutions  changes in visual art rococo: light colors, curved lines, graceful ornaments neo-classical: firm lines, clear structure, moralistic subject matter

2. The Classical Style (1750-1820) Changes in music  Preclassical period (ca.1730-1770) - transitional Carl Phillip Emanuel Bach (1714-1788) Johann Christian Bach (1735-1782) style galant: concentration on simplicity and clarity  Classical term borrowed from visual art  refers to influence of Greek and Roman models  no such reference in music

3. Characteristics of Classical Style Contrast of mood Flexibility of rhythm Basically homophonic texture Balanced, symmetrical, tuneful melodies Dynamics and the Piano End of Basso Continuo The Classical Orchestra  Strings - 1st/2nd violin, viola, cello, double bass  Woodwinds - flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon (2 each)  Brass - 2 French horns, 2 trumpets  Percussion - 2 timpani

4. Classical Forms Instrumental compositions  4 movements that contrast in tempo and character 1. Fast 2. Slow 3. Dance-related 4. Fast  symphony  string quartet  sonata Contrasting themes in movements Balance within larger structure of movement

5. Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Social Trends and Classical Composition  Effects on musicians  More people with more $  Middle Class influence public concerts pieces for amateur musicians comic opera familiar tunes in “serious” music Vienna  seat of Holy Roman Empire  one of the music centers of Europe  aristocrat winter quarters  outdoor music

6. Sonata Form Exposition (may be preceded by Introduction)  First theme in tonic key  Bridge - modulation to new key  Second (contrasting) theme in new key  Closing section in key of second theme Development  new treatment of themes; modulations to different keys / retransition Recapitulation  First theme in tonic key  Bridge  Second theme in tonic (or parallel major) key  Closing section in tonic / (may be followed by a coda)

7. Classical Forms Theme and Variations  theme repeated over and over with alterations melody, rhythm, harmony, accompaniment, dynamics, or tone color each time  A(theme) - A’(variation 1) - A’’ (variation2) - …  use of countermelody Minuet and Trio  often used as 3rd movt. / 3/4 usually in mod.tempo Minuet TrioMinuet A B A ||:a:||:ba’:||||:c:||:dc’:|| aba’  da capo  scherzo - faster than minuet

8. Classical Forms Rondo  as an independent piece or a movement  often serves as a finale  A B A C A (B A)  sonata-rondo B A - development - A B A Symphony  4 movements - FSDF - attributes of each movement Concerto  3 movements - FSF  double exposition  cadenza

9. Classical Chamber Music Characteristics  designed for intimate setting of a room (chamber)  2-9 musicians, with one player to a part  lighter sound than orchestral music  musicians work as a team  no conductor Types  String Quartet 2 violins, viola, cello usually 4 mvts. - FSDF or FDSF  Sonata for Violin and Piano  Piano Trio (violin, cello, piano)  String Quintet (2 violins, 2 violas, cello)

10. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Background  Born in Rohrau, Austria  musical background until age 6 - folk songs and peasant dances  sent to a relative to receive basic music lessons  age 8 - choirboy at St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna had no composition or instrumental lessons  upon his voice change - dismissed from St. Stephen’s barely stays alive by teaching lessons for 8 years also took odd jobs  Haydn’s talent gradually noticed by aristocracy  music director for court of a Bohemian count  age 29 (1761) - enters service of Esterházy family

11. Haydn and the Esterházy Family 1761-1790 - most of Haydn’s music composed for the Esterházy’s, richest and most powerful Hungarian noble family  Eszterháza - family’s palace in Hungary opera house, theater, 2 concert halls, 126 guest rooms Haydn’s responsibilities as musical director  compose all music requested by patron  conduct 25-member orchestra  coach singers  oversee instrument conditions and music library  two concerts and two opera performances weekly  daily chamber music 150 pieces with baryton part for Nicholas Esterházy

12. Joseph Haydn Advantages and disadvantages of patronage Personal characteristics of Haydn  good-humored and unselfish  cared about personal interests of his musicians early 1780’s - met Mozart, became close friends Haydn’s popularity grows while serving the Esterházy’s 1790 - Nicholas dies - Haydn free to go to London  Salomon / London symphonies  servant to celebrity

13. Joseph Haydn 1795 - returns to Vienna  new agreement with Nicholas Esterházy II  one mass composed each year (6 written) wrote two oratorios  The Creation  The Seasons 1809 - dies at age 77  during time of Napoleon’s occupation of Vienna  memorial service of Viennese with French generals and an honor guard of French soldiers

14. Haydn’s Music pioneer in development of symphony and string quartet use of folk tunes / original folk-like melodies master of theme development musical “jokes” 104 symphonies  many known by nicknames 68 string quartets  may have invented the string quartet Other works - piano sonatas, piano trios, divertimentos, concertos, operas, masses.

15. Haydn’s Music Symphony No. 94 (“Surprise”)  key, form, tempo, notable features of each movement Trumpet Concerto in E-flat Major

16. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756- 1791) born in Salzburg, Austria age 6 - playing the harpsichord and violin, improvising fugues, writing minuets, sight-reading perfectly compositions as a child  age 8 - 1st symphony  age 11 - 1st oratorio  age 12 - 1st opera Leopold Mozart (father) shows off his son  age 6-15 - Mozart tours Europe almost half the time Empress Maria Theresa of Austria Louis XV of France George III of England

17. Mozart Visit to Sistine Chapel age 15 - return to Salzburg - under patronage of Prince-Archbishop Colloredo  only given subordinate seat in orchestra lack of initiative insubordinate / requests for dismissal 1781 (age 25) - goes to Vienna to be free-lance musician  concerts attended by the emperor and nobility  married Constanze Weber  friendship with Haydn

18. Mozart 1786 - Vienna loves The Marriage of Figaro 1787 - Vienna dislikes Don Giovanni  Leopold dies during the composition of D.G. Mozart’s popularity deteriorates 1791 -  The Magic Flute  Requiem commissioned by Count Walsegg “strange” messenger thought he was writing his own Requiem  dies of rheumatic fever - December 5, 1791

19. Mozart’s Music More than 600 compositions  “K.” = Köchel number Mozart’s output catalogued by Ludwig von Köchel  Most notable ~ concertos operas (mostly comic) piano sonatas Requiem

20. Mozart’s Music Don Giovanni  unique blend of comic and serious opera  characters / plot Act I: Introduction Act I: Leporello’s catalogue aria Act I: Duet (Don and Zerlina) Symphony No. 40, K.550  key, form, tempo, notable features of each movement Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major – 1 st mvt Requiem – Dies irae

21. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770- 1827) Background  born in Bonn, Germany into a family of musicians  Johann (father) comes home from tavern late and makes Ludwig practice at the keyboard until morning  age 16 – improvises for Mozart in Vienna  mother dies, father becomes an alcoholic  age 18 – becomes legal guardian of two younger brothers

22. Beethoven  1792 (almost age 22) – studies with Haydn in Vienna Haydn neglects Beethoven / secretly goes to another teacher  1 st 7 years in Vienna very productive  rebels against social convention  age 29 – 1 st signs of deafness appear  1803-04 – 3 rd Symphony dedication Bonaparte ---- becomes ---- Eroica

23. Beethoven  self-educated  drifter in romantic relations  earns money through publishing never in the service of aristocracy 1809 – paid by three Austrian nobles to stay in Vienna  age 44 – stops playing piano in public, but continues to conduct  1815 – Casper dies becomes coguardian of nephew, Karl 5-year custody battle  Karl attempts suicide / Beethoven shattered

24. Beethoven’s Music expands range of pitch and dynamics works and reworks music during composition expands forms (i.e. 50-minute 3 rd Symphony) continuity between contrasting movements  resemblance of themes in separate movements  movements linked w/o pause expands sonata form  development section  develops themes in coda scherzo preferred over minuet larger instrumentation for orchestra uses choir in 9 th Symphony

25. Beethoven’s Music Piano Sonata in C minor, Op. 13 (“Pathétique”)  key, form, tempo, notable features of each movement Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67  key, form, tempo, notable features of each movement