1. 1750-1830 Unit 4: Classical

2. Musical Characteristics Homophonic > Counterpoint  Major/Minor chords used more; adds support that makes melody prevalent. Simplicity and Repetition > Complicated Embellishment Shorter Phrases, Clean cadences > Long, overlapping lines Piano > Harpsichord  Incredible interest and development of piano solo music (flourishes in Romantic period) Variety in expression  Crescendo/Diminueno vs. Tiered Dynamics Mozart: Symphony no. 40 in G minor

3. Vocabulary Review Homophonic Dynamics: Piano (mezzo)Forte Crescendo Diminuendo (Decrescendo) Phrase Cadence

4. More Musical Development Larger Orchestras  Instrument Organized into sections, written for as groups  Woodwinds vs. Brass  Mannheim Orchestra (and School, started in 1750 by Johann Stamitz)  A variety of innovative techniques (principles to master!)  Mannheim Rocket; Mannheim Crescendo; Mannheim Roller Development of concert symphonies  Four movements, written for large orchestras  Development of Sonata Form  Used in the first movement; very strict, repetitive, clearly laid out. Innovative Smaller Ensembles, too!  String Quartet  Piano Trio  Mixed groups (three strings and one wind player, etc…)

5. (Franz) Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Prolific Austrian composer  Helped development of Piano Trio  Helped development of Sonata Form “Father of the Symphony” “Father of the String Quartet” Inspired Mozart, taught Beethoven

6. Haydn’s Life: Working hard for classical ideals! Parents could not read music, but saw Joseph’s talent  Sent him to study choir with relative, Johann Matthias Frankh  Left at age 6 – never lived with parents again!  Not very well taken care of – fed well when he sang well. “Freelance” time as teacher, street performer, accompanist Spent free time studying composition and music theory  Made a name for himself writing comic opera, children’s carnival songs… Worked for the wealthy Esterhazy family, very successful  When original patron died, his son let Haydn visit London/work elsewhere  Recognized for being humble and working hard  (“Good character” led to music being well-received, too!)

7. Listening Example: Symphony No 94 in G major (“Surprise”) Movement 2 (most famous) Written in 1791 (while in London) Typical Classical Characteristics:  Standard symphonic structure:  4 movements. Strict forms: sonata, Theme and Variation, minuet and trio, and rondo  Larger orchestra: two flutes, oboes, bassoons, horns, trumpets, plus timpani and string section  Strict repetition of simple ideas (“motives”)  Drastic use of BOTH major and minor  Balances form, phrases, expressions… and adds comedy.