Sara Hsu

 Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem  Factor Price Equalization Theorem  Lewis-Ranis-Fei Model  Harris-Todaro Model

 Hukou originated in fifties and persists today, restricting migration  Migration began in nineties and continues through today  Push from rural areas; pull from urban areas

 Large scale rural to urban migration  Younger, male, with low education  Difficult lives  Low levels of happiness

 Began even before reform started  Migration is far lower in India than China  Seasonal work is available in both agriculture and manufacturing.  Most seasonal migrants work in cultivation, brick kilns, construction sites, fish processing, and quarries, while others work in urban informal manufacturing or services sectors

 Migration occurs for push and pull factors  Those in upper castes with higher education migrate  Migration of disadvantaged groups to informal sector

 Large amounts of rural to urban migration occurred after 1930  Changing nature of manufacturing activity  Agricultural population declined after 1930

 Migration with the family

 Urban areas in China, Japan and India are becoming megacities in some areas- cities with populations over 10 million  Tokyo, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Delhi, Mumbai, Osaka, Beijing, & Kolkata  Rural to urban migration  Adverse environmental impact  Often poor living conditions

 Poorer living conditions in both China and India, lower social status  In India, workers are often able to return home sooner due to circular migration  In China, workers lack access to urban benefits

 Different characteristics of migration in China, Japan and India  Migration mainly for economic reasons- push and pull factors  Leads to growth of megacities

 Roughly one out of every 25 people in the world today is a resident of a Chinese city who arrived, or was born, since the current round of economic reforms began in  There were 310,000 people living in the rural Shenzhen prefecture, before it grew to a city of over 10 million and became part of the 65 million-strong urban mega-region that stretches from Guangdong to Hong Kong. 310,000 peopleurban mega-region  China's urbanization is mostly the result of millions of, often young, rural inhabitants leaving their farms and families behind and moving to the cities for better economic opportunities.

 Questions?