Chapter 11 A.D 570- A.D.1250

 Objectives  Describe how geography affected the people of the Arabian Peninsula  Explain how Islam Began  Identify the main beliefs of Islam

 Arabian Peninsula  Bordered by Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and Syrian Desert  Mostly desert  Bedouins  Arabian Herders that were nomadic  Leader referred as Sheikh  Coastal  Milder climates to support people & towns  Townspeople were traders  Mecca is a caravan route across the desert

 Made a living as a caravan trader  At age 40, called by Allah to be a prophet and revealed verses for Muhammad to recite  Mecca merchant feared teachings of one god would stop the pilgrimages Kaaba  Muhammad and follower take a hijrah to Yathrib

 After the move to Yathrib, Muhammad gained many desert tribe followers  Mecca submitted to the teachings after several years of war  Muhammad destroyed idols in the Kaaba and rededicated it to Allah  Through wise policies, tolerance, and force, many converted to new religion Islam

 Based on the idea of only one god…must obey God’s will  Islam translates “submission to God”  Qur’an is the holy book of Islam  Some basic rule to Islam  Live humble lives, be tolerant & generous, no eating pork or drinking alcohol  Emphasizes the importance of jihad, the struggle to defend the faith  Worship at Mosques  no furnishings, images of people, or animals  Only mats to kneel on

 The profession of faith  no god but God Allah  Muhammad is the messenger of God  The Five daily Prayers  ritual of washing and prescribed movements  Must face the direction of Mecca  Paying zakat  Annual tax to help the poor

 Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan  Eat or drink nothing from dawn to sunset  Reminds them of the importance of self discipline, dependence on the creator, and feeling of the poor  Making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once  meet to pray & perform rituals to remind them of the faith of Abraham

 Objectives  Explore how the Muslims expanded their empire  Explain how the Islamic community divided

 Abu Bakr  was given the title caliph, “successor to the prophet”  Brought the Arabic tribes together & spread Islam northward  Umar  Strong leader w/well run government  Conquered non-Muslim territories

 Muslim empire spreads to Syria, Persia, and North Africa  Arab policy  Entered many treaties w/out battle  Tolerant toward other religions  Accept Islam or pay extra taxes  People who refused demands were killed  W/in 100 yrs., Islam spread east to India, west to North Africa, conquered Mediterranean Sea islands

 Infighting over caliph split the Islamic community  Mu’awiyah or ‘Ali  Sunni  Means “way of the prophet” or “habitual practice”  Agreed to accept Mu’awiyah  Believed that agreement among Muslim people should settle religious matters  Shi‛ah  Believed that Ali’s descendants ( imams) should decide religious and worldly matters

 Sufi  Muslim mystics who tried to live simple lives centered on God  Turned away from worldly possessions and success  Believed faith in God marked your worth

 General Tariq led Muslim Army that conquered Spain  The Moors were Muslims who made Spain their home  Ruled parts of Spain for 700 years

 Nomadic people that lived by fighting and raiding  Settled into present day Iraq  Growing power caused shift away from caliph to sultan  By 1200 AD, the Turks had seized Syria, Mesopotamia, parts of Asia Minor, and most of Northern India

 Explain what Muslim society and family life were like  Identify Muslim achievements in Science  Explain how Islam influenced Arab art and literature

 Location allowed trade with Europe, Asia, and Africa  Produced silk, cotton, wool, carpets, metal products  Organized into provinces  Broken into 3 caliphates  Ruled by caliphs in Baghdad, Cairo, and Cordoba

 Family was the core of daily life  Lived according to the Qur’an  Expected to follow Islamic laws in public and private life  Slavery was common  Arranged marriages with right to refuse for women  Family and mosque responsible for education

 Made advances in the use of herbs, foods, and prepared drugs  Advancement in techniques of dissection to study anatomy  Correctly diagnosed diseases and New ideas about hygiene  Pass examinations to practice medicine  Established 1 st school of pharmacy and encyclopedia of known drugs, preparation and effects  Established concept of the hospital  Al-Razi was the 1 st to clearly describe measles and small pox

 Learned new number system from India  Developed Arabic numerals  Used decimals in Arab  Wrote about al-jabor, which became algebra  Spread mathematical ideas to Europe

 Religious art does not show human or animal forms  Uses geometric or floral designs  Mosques designed to show the glory of Islam and power of the ruler  Mosques designed to house thousands of followers  A minaret was attached to let a crier call Muslims to worship

 Caliphs were great patrons of the arts  Writers lived with the caliphs  The story of Scheherazade  Stories of Muslim Folktales  Known as the collection of The Thousand and One Nights