FORMATION AND USE OF INFINITIVES PRESENT ACTIVE PRESENT PASSIVE PERFECT ACTIVE PERFECT PASSIVE FUTURE ACTIVE

PRESENT STEM ACTIVE –PORTARE - TO CARRY –HABERE - TO HAVE/HOLD –AGERE - TO DO –FACERE - TO MAKE –AUDIRE - TO HEAR

PASSIVE –PORTARI - TO BE CARRIED –HABERI - TO BE HELD –AGI - TO BE DONE –FACI - TO BE MADE –AUDIRI - TO BE HEARD

PERFECT STEM ACTIVE –PORTAVISSE - TO HAVE CARRIED –HABUISSE - TO HAVE HELD –EGISSE - TO HAVE DONE –FECISSE - TO HAVE MADE –AUDIVISSE - TO HAVE HEARD

PASSIVE PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE + ESSE PORTATUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN CARRIED DOCTUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN TAUGHT ACTUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN DONE FACTUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN MADE AUDITUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN HEARD

FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE + ESSE PORTATURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO CARRY DOCTURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO TEACH ACTURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO DO FACTURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO MAKE AUDITURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO HEAR

USE AS A COMPLEMENT TO ANOTHER VERB COMPLEMENTS OTHER VERBS SUCH AS: POSSE; DEBERE; PARARE, NECESSE EST, OPORTET EXEMPLI GRATIA; –POSSUM DOCERE BENE DISCIPULOS. –I am able to teach the students well. –PARAMUS PUGNARE BELLUM. –We are preparing to fight the battle. –DEBES LEGERE HISTORIAM. –You ought to read the story.

INDIRECT DISCOURSE After verbs of saying, knowing, thinking, believing and others describing some mental action, if the words are not quoted directly, we use a clause introduced by THAT EXEMPLI GRATIA He says that the boys are fighting. (indirect) He says: “The boys are fighting”. (direct)

VERBS WHICH INTRODUCE INDIRECT DISCOURSE

INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED In Latin, the infinitive is used as the verb in the indirect statement. The subject is put in the accusative case in the indirect statement. EXEMPLI GRATIA: Dicit, “pueri pugnant.” (DIRECT) He says: “The boys are fighting.” Dicit pueros pugnare. (INDIRECT) He says that the boys are fighting.

INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED In English the subject of the infinitive in the indirect statement is also in the accusative (objective) case: –I know him to be honest. NOT –I know he to be honest. Tense of the infinitive signifies the time of the indirect statement in relation to the main verb.

INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED PRESENT INFINITIVE MEANS CONTEMPORARY ACTION PERFECT INFINITIVE MEANS PREVIOUS ACTION FUTURE INFINITIVE MEANS FUTURE ACTION

INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED EXEMPLI GRATIA: Dicit virum ambulare. (present = contemporaneous) –He says that the man is walking Dixit virum ambulare. (present = contemporaneous) –He said that the man walked. Dicit virum ambulavisse. (perfect = prior) –He says that the man walked. Dixit virum ambulavisse. (perfect = prior) –He said that the man had walked.

INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED Dicit virum ambulaturum esse. NB: future = future; agreement of participial portion of infinitive in number, case (accusative) and gender of the subject in indirect discourse; this also applies to the perfect passive infinitive –He says that the man will walk. Dixit virum ambulaturum esse. (future = future) –He said that the man would walk.