Can you solve this puzzle? Warm UP Can you solve this puzzle? There was nothing Leon, the driver, could do about the impending crash of the car he was driving. Leon knew the car would be completely demolished in the crash. After the crash Leon didn’t have a scratch on him. How can that be?

What is forensic science? Application of science to law Applies knowledge and technology of science to the definition and enforcement of laws Enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice system

Diversity of professions within the forensic science Criminalistics Engineering Science General Jurisprudence Odontology Pathology/Biology Physical Anthropology Psychiatry and behavioral science Questioned Documents Toxicology

Also divisions such as Fingerprint examination Firearm and tool mark examination Computer and digital data analysis Photography

forensic science Criminalistics =

History and Development of Forensic Science Earliest Record 3rd century China Yi Yu Ji “A collection of criminal cases” Woman murdered her husband and burned the body and claimed accidental fire Coroner noticed no ashes in mouth of deceased and performed experiment on pigs Chinese were first to recognize the potential of fingerprints as means of identification

Limited knowledege of anatomy and pathology hindered the growth of forensics until the late 17th century and early 18th century

Initial Scientific advances 1798 “A treatise on Forensic medicine and Public Health” Written by french physician Francois-Emanual Fodere

Initial scientific advances 1775 Sweedish Chemist Carl William Scheele developed first successful test in detecting arsenic poisoning in corpses 1806 German chemist Valatin Ross developed more precise method of detection in stomach lining of victims

Father of Forensic Toxicology Spaniard MATHIEU ORFILA 1814 published the first scientific treatise on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals Forensic toxicology was born

Advances through the mid 1800’s 1828 William Nichol- invented the polarizing microscope 1839 Henry-Louis Bayard-first procedures for microdetection of hemoglobin/blood

Advances through the mid 1800’s 1863 First presumptive test for blood TOXICOLOGY EVIDENCE FIRST USED IN TRIAL IN 1839 Scottish chemist named James Marsh testified presence of arsenic in victim 1850’s-60’s Photography became an integral part of recording crime scenes

Late Nineteenth Century Progress 1879 French scientist Alphonse Bertillon responsible for advancements in anthropology and morphology (study of structure of living organisms)

Bertillon’s System “Anthropometry” systematic procedure involved taking body measurements as means of identifying one individual from another Father of Criminal Identification

Bertillon’s Method Used for over two decades as a source of identification Replaced by fingerprinting in the early 1900’s

Francis Henry Galton Father of Fingerprinting First definitive study of fingerprinting and methodology for classifying and filing 1892 published book “ Finger Prints” First statistical proof supporting uniqueness of method of identification

Hans Gross 1893 Public processor and judge in Graz, Austria published “Criminal Investigation” This book detailed the assistance that investigators could expect from fields of microscopy, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, zoology, botany, anthropometry, and fingerprinting

Hans Gross Introduced the first forensic journal A journal compiles improved methods of science in a field This journal is still published and updated to this date

Make Believe helped this field grow! Sherlock Holmes was a fictional character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Tales where about Dr. John Watson who was Sherlock Holmes partner and biographer and together they solved criminal mysteries

Make Believe helped this field grow! This series encompassed fields like: Serology- study of blood and bodily fluid Fingerprinting Firearms identification Questioned Document examination

Twentieth century Breakthroughs 1901 Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered blood types (A, B, AB, O) 1915 Dr. Leone Lattes devised a simple test for determining blood types from dried blood

Albert S. Osborn 1910 Developed fundamental principles of document examination “Questioned Documents”

Edmond Locard 1910 persuaded Lyon’s police department to give him 2 attic rooms and 2 assistants to start a police laboratory Only equipment was a microscope and spectrometer

Edmond Locard His enthusiasm overcame his technical and monetary deficiencies His research and accomplishments became known though the world Became founder and director of Institute of Criminalistics at the University of Lyons International center for study and research in forensic science

Locard’s Exchange Principle When two objects come into contact with each other a cross transfer of material occurs

Locard He strongly believed that every criminal can be linked to a crime by dust particles carried from the crime scene Reinforced by a series of successful well publicized cases

Other notable scientists Dr. Walter McCrone- world’s preeminent microscopist Army Colonel Calvin Goddard- refined techniques of firearm examination by using a comparison microscope

Modern Scientific Advances Computer Technology Chromatography Spectrophotometry Electrophoresis DNA typing

Sir Alec Jeffreys Developed first DNA profiling test in 1984 Has revolutionized the practice of fornsic science

Computers Have revolutionized data bases cutting down on the time required to find matches and analyze data

What should I know at this point? Definition of forensic science Who developed anthrpometry and what it is Scientists what they contributed= Bertillon, Galton, Lattes, Goddard, Orfila, Jeffrey, Osborn, and Locard Locard’s exchange principle

Lab Reports Title Objective Materials Procedure Observations Data table/graphs Sample calc conclusions

conversions Volume 16 oz = 1pt 2 pints = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gal Speed Miles to hours