Memory Memory: persistence of learning over time…via the storage and retrieval of information. Gives us our sense of self and connects us to past experiences.

What would it be like to live without memory? Clive Wearing

Three Stage Processing Model of Memory Stage One: The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as sensory memory. Stage Two: sensory memories are processed into short term memory which can only hold a minimal amount of information. Stage Three: short term memories are encoded into long-term memory, the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse from which we retrieve.

Process of Encoding: 2 Types Encoding EffortfulAutomatic

Types of Encoding Automatic Processing  unconscious encoding of incidental information  space  time  frequency  well-learned information  word meanings  we can learn automatic processing  reading backwards

Automatic Processing: Reading Backwards Reading backwards requires effort at first but after practice becomes automatic..citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE Automatic processing allows us to do multiple things at once and re-illustrates the concept of parallel processing.

Effortful Processing Effortful Processing: type of encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Ex: Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical events/chronology, etc. Encoding can be helped by maintenance rehearsal: simple rote repetition of information in consciousness or even more successfully by elaborate rehearsal: processing of information for meaning which can more easily help produce long term memories.

Hermann Ebbinghaus – Memory Experiments Wanted to research capacity of verbal memory. Looked to study to see capacity of peoples’ memories to study strings of non-sense syllables. Ex: JIH, FUB, YOX, XIR,

Findings of Ebbinghaus 1. Practice makes perfect. The more rehearsal he did on day 1, the less rehearsal it took to learn the syllables again on day 2. Over learning increased retention. 2. The Spacing Effect: the tendency for studying over a long period of time produces better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. SPACED STUDYING BEATS CRAMMING!!!

Activity If I asked you to list all the U.S. Presidents in order, how would you do? If I made a line graph that charted how many students in the room knew each President, what would the graph look like?

Findings of Ebbinghaus 3. Serial Position Effect: our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. Ex: Presidents

Explaining the Serial Position Effect Primacy Effect: we remember concepts at the beginning of a list - these are often the terms we have seen the most when reviewing. Recency Effect: explains how we remember concepts at the end of the list a since these are the terms we have seen most RECENTLY. MIDDLE IS FORGOTTEN MOST OFTEN.

Types of Encoding Semantic Encoding: encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words….yields best memory. Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words….usually the least effective. Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

“I studied for FOREVER and I still failed!”

ROY G BIV Every Good Boy Does Fine HOMES Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally MNEMONICS

practice saying and writing the words over and over --- but, of course, the most effective rehearsal is distributed REHEARSAL

Short-Term Memory Activity SHORT-TERM Memory

The magic number is 7+or –2 But what if you have to remember more than that? In other words, the most we can hold in our short term stores is just 5-9 items! SHORT-TERM Memory

Try to remember these numbers:

How confident are you that you correctly memorized all 31 numbers?

Now, try to remember these numbers:

Which was easier? WHY?

group like things together CHUNKING How do you remember a phone #? You CHUNK it!

HUMANISM –a psychological approach that focuses on free will I want you to remember: So when you see the word “humanism” I tell you to think about: Free Willy! make it VISUAL

Imagine the route from your room to the front door of your house Place people / events along the way George Washington is in my bedroom John Adams is right outside my bedroom door Thomas Jefferson is in the bathroom James Madison is at the top of the stairs METHOD OF LOCI

Whose phone numbers do you remember? Why? Make all kinds of material meaningful. Experiment - making meaning make it MEANINGFUL

“In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue” “The THALAMUS is a grand station, it sends and receives information.” make it RHYTHMIC

REMEMBERING The Memoriad!

FALSE MEMORIES Are you a reliable eyewitness?

Types of Sensory Memory Sensory Memory: refers to the initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. All information is held here briefly (1/2 to 4 seconds) Sensory Memories include both: 1. Iconic Memory: a momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli. Memory only lasts for a few tenths of a second. 2. Echoic Memory: a momentary sensory memory for auditory stimuli. Sound memories can usually last up to 3 or 4 seconds. Sensory memory is very hard to measure since it fades as we try to measure it.

George Sperling’s Experiment to Measure Iconic Memory

Is Long Term Memory Like an Attic? Sherlock Holmes: “I consider that a man’s brain is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose…It is a mistake to think that that little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something you knew before.” Is this true?

Neural Basis and Emotional Impact For Memory Long Term Potentiation (LTP): refers to the long- lasting strengthening of the connection between 2 neurons. Is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory. Process occurs naturally when we learn through association…after learning has occurred, neurons involved in process become more efficient at transmitting the signals. Drugs that block LTP affect learning drastically. Strong emotions make for stronger memories  Stress hormones boost impact on learning.

Storage Loss: Amnesia Amnesia refers to the loss of memory. Amnesiac patients typically have losses in explicit memory. Explicit Memory (declarative memory): memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

Types of Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia: type of memory loss where patients are UNABLE TO FORM ANY NEW MEMORIES. Can’t remember anything that has occurred AFTER a traumatic head injury. Retrograde Amnesia: type of memory loss where patients are UNABLE TO REMEMBER PAST EVENTS. May forget everything that happened BEFORE a traumatic head injury.

Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit Memory Hippocampus: neural center located in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage….left and right hippocampus have different functions.

Implicit Memory Other type of memory storage is known as Implicit Memory (Procedural or Skill Memory): retention of things without conscious recollection.

Cerebellum’s Role in Implicit Memory Cerebellum: helps facilitate associate learning responses ie classical conditioning. Cutting pathway to the cerebellum makes rabbits unable to learn conditioned responses.

A Diagram For Your Viewing Pleasure Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects

Retrieval: Getting Information Out Recall: a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. Ex: Fill in the Blank.

Retrieval: Getting Information Out Recognition: a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned. Ex: Multiple Choice

Retrieval Cues Priming: activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations of memory.

Retrieval Cues Context Affects Memory Retrieval: able to retrieve information better when you are in the same context you learned it in. Emotional/Mood Impact of Memory:  State-Dependent Memory: information is most easily recalled when in same “state” of consciousness it was learned in.  Mood Congruent Memory: tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood.