THE SKELETAL SYSTEM  SITI HAJAR BINTI MUSTAFA  D  NUR ADIBAH BINTI HASBULLAH  D

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM STRUCTURES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEMSKELETAL JOINTS ARTICULATIONS OUR WEBSITEWEBSITE HOME LINK TO WEBSITE GAMES

Introduction  Basically human’s skeletal system have 206 bones. next

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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON Provides a framework that supports the body Provides a storage site for excess calcium Contains and protects the red bone marrow Protects some internal organs from mechanical injury home

THE SKELETON  AXIAL SKELETON Consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage Forms the axis of the body  APPENDICULAR SKELETON Consists of bones of the arm and legs and the shoulder and pelvic girdle Supports the appendages or limbs next

THE SKULL nextback

THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN back next

THE RIB CAGE back next

THE BONES OF THE ARMS AND LEGS  THE ARMS back next

 THE LEGS back next

THE SHOULDER back next

THE PELVIC GIRDLE home

JOINTS There are three types of joints 1. Synarthrosis (immovable) 2. Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) 3. Diarthrosis (freely movable) next

Synarthrosis (immovable)  Suture-fibrous connective tissue between bone surfaces  Example back next

Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)  Symphysis-disc of fibrous cartilage between bones  Example back next

Diarthrosis (freely movable)  Ball and socket- movement in all planes  Example : scapula and humerus back next

 Hinge- movement in one plane  Example : femur and tibia back next

 Condyloid-movement in one plane with some lateral movement  Example : temporal bone and mandible back next

 Pivot- rotation  Example : radius and ulna  Gliding-side to side movement  Example : between carpals  Saddle-movement in several planes  Example : metacarpals next back

SUMMARY ABOUT THE JOINTS home

ARTICULATIONS WHAT IS ARTHRITIS  The US National Library of Medicine 1 says that if you have trouble moving around or feel pain and stiffness in your body, you could have arthritis. In the majority of cases arthritis causes pain and swelling in the joints. US National Library of Medicine  Eventually a swollen joint can suffer severe damage. In some cases, arthritis can cause problems in the patient's eye, skin or other organs.  According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2, about 1 in every 5 American adults, i.e. 50 million people, have doctor-diagnosed arthritis. As the country's population ages, it is estimated that this number will increase to at least 67% by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  Arthritis is not a single disease - it is a term that covers over 100 medical conditions. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and generally affects elderly patients. Some forms of arthritis can affect people at a very early age. next

WHAT CAUSES ARTHRITIS  Basically, a joint is where one bone moves on another bone. Ligaments hold the two bones together. The ligaments are like elastic bands, while they keep the bones in place your muscles relax or contract to make the joint move.  Cartilage covers the bone surface to stop the two bones from rubbing directly against each other. The covering of cartilage allows the joint to work smoothly and painlessly.  A capsule surrounds the joint. The space within the joint - the joint cavity - has synovial fluid. Synovial fluid nourishes the joint and the cartilage. The synovial fluid is produced by the synovium (synovial membrane) which lines the joint cavity. next back

 If you have arthritis something goes wrong with the joint(s). What goes wrong depends on what type of arthritis you have. It could be that the cartilage is wearing away, a lack of fluid, autoimmunity (your body attacking itself), infection, or a combination of many factors.  The following factors may contribute towards a higher arthritis risk: 1. Your genetic makeup 2. A physically demanding job, especially one with repetitive movements 3. A previous injury 4. Some infections or allergic reactions may cause short- term arthritis. When it is caused by an infection it is known as "reactive arthritis" 5. For a number of people certain foods can either bring on arthritis symptoms, or make existing ones worse 6. Obesity, which places extra strain on joints 4 7. Arthritis may also be caused by autoimmune disease 5. next back

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TYPES OF ARTHRITIS 1. Osteoarthritis  With osteoarthritis, the cartilage loses its elasticity. If the cartilage is stiff it becomes damaged more easily. The cartilage, which acts as a shock absorber, will gradually wear away in some areas. As the cartilage becomes damaged tendons and ligaments become stretched, causing pain. Eventually the bones may rub against each other causing very severe pain. back next

2. Rheumatoid arthritis  This is an inflammatory form of arthritis. The synovial membrane (synovium) is attacked, resulting in swelling and pain. If left untreated the arthritis can lead to deformity.  Rheumatoid arthritis is significantly more common in women than men and generally strikes when the patient is aged between 40 and 60. However, children and much older people may also be affected.  During the first ten years after diagnosis, patients with rheumatoid arthritis have a higher risk of blood clots.have a higher risk of blood clots nextback

3. Infectious arthritis (septic arthritic)  Infectious arthritis is an infection in the synovial fluid and tissues of a joint. It is usually caused by bacteria, but could also be caused by fungi or viruses.  Bacteria, fungi or viruses may spread through the bloodstream from infected tissue nearby, and infect a joint.  Most susceptible people are those who already have some form of arthritis and develop an infection that travels in the bloodstream. next back

TREATMENT FOR ARTHRITIS Physical therapy and occupational therapy  Occupational therapy Teach you how to reduce the strain on your joints as you go about your daily activities. The occupational therapist can help you modify your home and workplace so that your movements do not aggravate your arthritis. You may need a splint for your hands or wrists, as well as aids for dressing, housekeeping, work activities, driving and washing/bathing yourself. next back

An occupational and/or physical therapist can make an enormous difference to your quality of life if you suffer from arthritis. He/she will help you learn more about your arthritis, devise a dietary plan if you are overweight and over-stressing the joints as a result, help you make better decisions about what shoes to buy if that part of the body is affected. You will learn how and when to rest - rest is crucial for treating inflammation and pain, especially when many joints are affected and you feel tired. Resting individual joints is very helpful too - custom splints can be made to rest and support affected joints. Local pain can be relieved with ice packs or heating pads. Ultrasound and hot packs provide deep heat which relieves localized pain and relaxes muscle spasm around the affected joint. You may find that a warm bath/shower makes it easier for you to exercise afterwards. Ultrasound next back

 Physical activity Doctors warn that inactivity could harm the health of most patients with arthritis or some kind of rheumatic disease. Inactivity raises the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes typediabetes Muscles become weaker with no exercise, joints become stiffer, and the patient's tolerance for pain decreases. Balance problems may also become worse. home