2. Vocabulary: Articulation- A fixed or moveable joint between bones. Arthrology- The study and treatment of joints. Kinesiology- The study of mechanics of body movement, especially in humans. Rheumatology- The study and treatment of rheumatoid diseases. Dislocation- When a bone is moved from its normal position, it happens mostly in joints.

3. The Structural and Functional Class of Joints: *Structural factors are based on how materials keep joints together and if there is a cavity. *Joints are what make bones movable *Cartilage is between bones to help reduce friction. *The joints are in groups that are either movable or immovable.

4. There are three types of joints: Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints and synovial joints. Fibrous joints-are two bones that are held together by fibrous connective tissue, sutures on the skull are examples. Cartilaginous joints- are bones that have a plate of hyaline cartilage between the two bones. Synovial joints- are the joints that have free movement.

5. 1. Fibrous Joints: In a fibrous joint there are two bones that are connected by fibrous tissue from one bone to the other surface of the bone. Fibrous joints don’t allow any movement the skull and pelvic bones are held together by fibrous joints.

6. Cartilaginous joints are joints that are covered with cartilage that allow joints to move more easily. The joints contain cartilage in between bones to allow joints to move. There are two groups of cartilaginous joints: primary and secondary. Primary joints are connecting ribs to the manuburim. Secondary joints are when fibrocartilage connects the bones. 2. Cartilaginous Joints:

7. 3. Synovial Joints: Synovial joints are the freely movable joints which are covered by articular cartilage. The bone has a spongy framework. There Are six types of synovial joints: *Gliding Joints- allow bones to move back an forth easily, like the vertebrae. *Hinged Joints- allow the body to bend and extend. *Condyloid Joints- are like gliding joints they just contain concave and oval shaped bones. *Piviot Joints- allowed cone-shaped bones to twist and rotate *Saddle Joints- are like condyloid joints the only difference is they have a wider range of movement. *Ball and Socket Joints- have the biggest range of movement. An example is the shoulder.

8. Fibrous Joint Cartilaginous Joint Synovial Joint

9. Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease that stiffens, weakens, and causes loss of mobility, inflammation, and deforms the joints.

10. Signs & Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis- Joint pain Joint swelling Joints that are tender to the touch Red and puffy hands Firm bumps of tissue under the skin on your arms (rheumatoid nodules) Morning stiffness that may last for hours Fever Weight loss

11. Treatments of Rheumatoid Arthritis- There is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis. Medications can reduce inflammation in your joints in order to relieve pain and prevent or slow joint damage. Medications- NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), Steroids (Corticosteroid), Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), Immunosuppressant, & TNF-alpha inhibitors (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha) Prevention of Rheumatoid Arthritis- There is no known way to prevent RA because the exact cause of the disease is not known.

12. Osteoarthritis A form of arthritis that forms in mainly older people and is defined as chronic degeneration of the cartilage of the joints.

13. Signs & Symptoms of Osteoarthritis- Pain Tenderness Stiffness Loss of Flexibility Grating Sensation Bone Spurs

14. Prevention of Osteoarthritis- *Weight control *Injury Prevention *Exercise Medications for Osteoarthritis- *Acetaminophen (Tylonol) *NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs) *Tramadol *Stronger painkillers *Cortisone shots *There is no known cure for osteoarthritis!!!

15. Strain or Sprain A damage or tearing of ligaments of the muscle.

16. When a lot of force is put on to a joint, the ligaments that hold the bones together may be torn or damaged. Any joint can be sprained, but most injured joints are the ankle, knee, and finger. Injured joints are also called pulled muscles, they usually happen in the overexertion or improper lifting techniques. 3 grades or sprains: Grade 1 sprains are mild injuries where no tearing of the ligament occurs, and no joint function is lost, and there may be tenderness and swelling. Grade 2 sprains are caused by limited tear in the ligament. These sprains are found by swelling, a lot of bruising, pain, hard to put weight on it, and limits functions of the joint. Grade 3 sprains are complete tearing of the ligament and is severe pain, loss of joint function, widespread swelling and bruising, and not able to bear weight.

17. Signs & Symptoms of Sprain: Pain Swelling Bruising Instability Loss of ability to move the joint

18. Prevention of a Sprain: *Wear Protective footwear *Make sure footwear fits properly *Avoid high-heels

19. Treatment of Sprains: (To Reduce Swelling) Rest Ice or cold therapy Compression Elevation

20. Medication for a Sprain Ibuprofen

21. By: AbbyAiken, Amber Wesley, and Jennica Warner

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