© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology: An Introduction Benjamin Lahey11th Edition Slides by Kimberly Foreman.

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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology: An Introduction Benjamin Lahey11th Edition Slides by Kimberly Foreman

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter One: Introduction to Psychology

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Psyche + Science = Psychology Psyche: - Aristotle used the term psyche to refer to the essence of life - means “mind” in Greek - emphasis on observation is basis for methods of contemporary science

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Psyche + Science = Psychology (cont.) Psychology: –science of behavior and mental processes - behavior: - overt actions that others can directly observe - mental processes: private thoughts, emotions, feelings, and motives that cannot be directly observed

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Psyche + Science = Psychology (cont.) Goals of psychology: –describe –predict –understand –influence

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Founding the Science of Psychology Nature of conscious experience: - structuralism: - Wilhelm Wundt - Edward Titchener: - basic elements of conscious experience - introspection - J. Henry Alston: - sensations of hot and cold

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Founding the Science of Psychology (cont.)

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Founding the Science of Psychology (cont.) Nature of conscious experience (cont.): - Gestalt psychology: - Max Wertheimer: - the whole is different from the sum of the parts - phi phenomenon

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Founding the Science of Psychology (cont.) Functions of the conscious mind: - functionalism: - William James: - conscious mind helps us survive as a species - functions of the mind

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Founding the Science of Psychology (cont.) Functions of the conscious mind (cont.): - studies of memory: - Hermann Ebbinghaus: - experiments called nonsense syllables - Mary Whiton Calkins: - paired associates method

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Founding the Science of Psychology (cont.) Functions of the conscious mind (cont.): –cognitive psychology: -perceiving, believing, thinking, remembering knowing, deciding, etc. - modern version of functionalism - influenced by Gestalt psychology

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Founding the Science of Psychology (cont.) Behaviorism and social learning theory: - behaviorism: - Ivan Pavlov: - classical conditioning - John B. Watson - Margaret Floy Washburn

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Founding the Science of Psychology (cont.) Behaviorism and social learning theory (cont.): - social learning theory: - Albert Bandura: - most important aspects of our behavior are learned from other persons in society

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Founding the Science of Psychology (cont.) Nature of the “unconscious mind”: - psychoanalysis: - Sigmund Freud: - unconscious mind - emotional conflicts - motives: - sexual - aggressive

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Founding the Science of Psychology (cont.) Nature of the “Unconscious Mind” (cont.): - humanistic psychology: - Abraham Maslow - Carl Rogers - Viktor Frankl: - self-concept

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Founding the Science of Psychology (cont.) Psychometrics: –Alfred Binet: - measurement of mental functions - Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Founding the Science of Psychology (cont.) Neuroscience perspective: - structures of the brain that play roles in: - emotion - reasoning - speaking - other psychological processes - heredity

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary Perspectives and Specialty Areas in Psychology Sociocultural perspective: –derived from social anthropology –cultural relativity –diversity

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary Perspectives and Specialty Areas in Psychology (cont.) Basic areas of modern psychology: - biological psychology - sensation and perception - learning and memory - cognition - developmental psychology - motivation and emotion - personality - social psychology - sociocultural psychology

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary Perspectives and Specialty Areas in Psychology (cont.) Applied areas of modern psychology: - clinical psychology - counseling psychology - educational and school psychology - industrial and organizational psychology - health psychology

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary Perspectives and Specialty Areas in Psychology (cont.) Relationship between psychiatry and psychology: - psychiatrists: - M.D. - can prescribe drugs - psychologists: - Ph.D or Psy.D - not licensed to prescribe drugs in most states

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What We Know about Human Behavior –Human beings are biological creatures. –Every person is different, yet each is much the same. –People can be understood fully only in the context of their cultures and other social influences.

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What We Know about Human Behavior (cont.) –Human lives are a continuous process of change. –Behavior is motivated. –Humans are social animals. –People play an active part in creating their experiences. –Behavior can be adaptive or maladaptive.