"Methodologies" for research in computer science Lionel Brunie LIRIS lab National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA) Lyon, France

Menu n  Disclaimer n n Discovery vs. invention n n What is a research result in computer science ? n n What is a research paper in computer science ? General structure(s) of a research paper in CS n n Searching for black boxes, traps and black holes n n How is research evaluated ? n n And now ?

Disclaimer n This is NOT a lecture ! n I apologize not to be an epistemologist n I am just a practitioner of computer science that have co-authored ~100 research papers and read/evaluate several hundreds ones n This open discussion is absolutely NOT objective n Goal : open the windows and discuss how we ACTUALLY work (and not how we should work…) n All questions, remarks, contradictions are welcome !!!

Menu n n Disclaimer n  Discovery vs. invention n n What is a research result in computer science ? n n What is a research paper in computer science ? General structure(s) of a research paper in CS n n Searching for black boxes, traps and black holes n n How is research evaluated ? n n And now ?

Discovery vs. invention n My feeling is that there are two main ways of practicing science : discovery vs. invention n Biologists, physicists, chemists, researchers in psychology… are discoverers n Computer scientists, researchers in nanotech, researchers in process engineering or in industrial engineering… are inventors n Mathematicians… are mathematicians :-)

Discovering (just two words) n Understanding the world : what are atoms constituted of, why a disease in inherited, why do people have dreams, etc. n Understanding means first asking questions, then observing, inquiring, modeling, evaluating n At the end of the research process, one has an answer to the initial question n An answer is the most often not definitive. It is an explanation of a small piece of the natural world under some hypotheses

Inventing n Software computer science produces inventions n Computers do not exist by themselves. They have been created by human beings => there is nothing to discover in a computer or in a software n The objective of research in CS is “just” to make computers and computer networks more efficient more easy to use, more reliable, more powerful… i.e. more useable/useful n As a consequence, a research result in CS has no (real) intrinsic value. It has only the value that the research community and/or the society gives to it. A useless invention has no value !

Menu n n Disclaimer n n Discovery vs. invention n  What is a research result in computer science ? n n What is a research paper in computer science ? General structure(s) of a research paper in CS n n Searching for black boxes, traps and black holes n n How is research evaluated ? n n And now ?

A difficult answer… n The endless debate about fundamental research, basic research, applied research, finalized research… n A first and definitive answer : a result has some scientific value as soon as it has been accepted by a scientific publication (a scientific committee) n A second answer : a result has some scientific value if it interests people and if it is novel (original) (and if it has some genericity) n The most difficult (and so the most interesting) problems have often been raised by applications, e.g. medical applications. Investigating these problems have gone through theoretical scientific developments.

Menu n n Disclaimer n n Discovery vs. invention n n What is a research result in computer science ? n  What is a research paper in computer science ? General structure(s) of a research paper in CS n n Searching for black boxes, traps and black holes n n How is research evaluated ? n n And now ?

n Introduction-Motivations n State of the art n Proposal n Experiments n Discussion n Conclusion and future work Structure of a research paper in CS

2 (+1) key sections (1/3) n Having 1 very good idea in a scientist’s life is… very good ; having two is exceptional n One paper => one problem and at most one (two) contribution(s) to defend n A first key section : the state of the art u A state of the art must not be “flat” or general purpose u It must be focused on your scientific and applicative targets and “critical and compared” F Critical : the contribution/limitations of each cited paper should be analyzed wrt your problem F Compared : papers should be organized in taxonomies u The state of the art establishes/describes the scientific basis wrt which your work should be compared, your  /  /  will be evaluated u Ideally, all pertinent papers should be analyzed. Practically, it is often untracktable u “Making the bibliography” is a key component of the scientific process

2 (+1) key sections (2/3) n A second key section : the discussion u Goal of the discussion : analyzing your contribution/proposal : F Wrt to your initial objective/motivation F Wrt to the state of the art F Wrt the experiments you have run… and have not run F Wrt the implementation choices you have made F Wrt genericity u A discussion is not a conclusion u The discussion is often distributed over the paper :-( u Do not believe authors : make your personal discussion !

2 (+1) key sections (3/3) n A third obvious section : your contribution u Must be “sound” u Must be comprehensive and complete u It should allow people to reproduce the experiments you use u It must be self contained

Introduction - Motivation n Inventing some thing that interests nobody has no real sense n Inventing some thing that addresses a problem that has an existing satisfactory solution has a limited interest n To be interesting, your work/paper should address a problem : u With a high (scientific or economic or social or…) value u And no solution n A paper should list the criteria wrt which authors consider that their proposal is to be evaluated

Experiments (1/2) n The often dark side of research in CS n A first reason : cultural/educational : computer scientists have an unsatisfactory education in statistics/experiment planning/performance evaluation n A second reason : real life experiments are often intractable because comparing two inventions is often intractable u Concurrent software are often not available u Concurrent complex systems/softwares cannot be re-develop from scratch at a reasonable price u Evaluation criteria are different u Users of your software are reluctant to spend/waste their time on alpha versions u It often exists no benchmarks u Research works often address very small range/specific issues that are part of a complex systems but integration is often not realized u Research teams have neither the manpower nor the competence to develop “products” and limit their development to demonstrator or prototypes that cannot be tested by real end users

Experiments (2/2) n However experiments are mandatory to evaluate the pertinence of your work n Experiments should allow u To evaluate the performance/pertinence/efficiency of your proposal wrt your initial objective and wrt all the possible contexts (not only in the best case) u To evaluate the influence of the various parameters on the performance u To compare your proposal wrt the state of the art n Experimental conditions must be completely explicited

Menu n n Disclaimer n n Discovery vs. invention n n What is a research result in computer science ? n n What is a research paper in computer science ? General structure(s) of a research paper in CS n  Searching for black boxes, traps and black holes n n How is research evaluated ? n n And now ?

Reading a paper as an investigation n A key behavior : criticism n A first obvious step : analyze what is written : is the proposal scientifically sound, are the performances good, is the problem really important, is the state of the art exhaustive, etc. n A second step : analyze what is not written

Black boxes and assumptions n Computer systems/applications/softwares are too complex/too large so that a single team/paper can address the entire problem => Focus on a small part or specific issue => Assumptions on the other parts + inputs : it exists/will exist (soon) some “system” can can provide your prototype with the data/information it needs + outputs : the data produced by your prototype could be/will (soon) be used by the end-user side of the global system n Assumptions are not always explicit n Always ask if these assumptions are valid/realistic, what do they imply

Analyzing experiments (1/2) n The border line u “Science” definitely condemns treachery and falsification : modifying the result of an experiment is beyond the “red line” u Experimental measurements that are presented in a paper are (supposed to be) true (at least I have supposed it) u The question is about omitted/”forgotten” results u From a theoretical scientific point of view, a negative result is often as interesting as a positive result u However, as CS has to deal with invention, a negative result is commonly considered as a depreciated fact

Analyzing experiments (2/2) n So the temptation to “avoid” including negative measurements often exists : “this measurement is not really important but as I do not have enough space to explain it, it is more important, from a scientific point of view (of course), to discuss in deep other more important experiments”, “The situation that leads to this bad result never happens in the real life”, “With a slight modification of the prototype, it is obvious that one would never get such a result, so let us focus on the results concerning the core of the prototype”, etc. are reasons that a scientist may use to self-persuade him that presenting this experiment is not pertinent n Where is the yellow line ? Where is the red line ? n Always analyze if experiments are exhaustive. If not, always analyze if the missing experiments are important to evaluate the performance of the prototype and try to infer what could be the behavior of the prototype wrt these experiments

Menu n n Disclaimer n n Discovery vs. invention n n What is a research result in computer science ? n n What is a research paper in computer science ? General structure(s) of a research paper in CS n n Searching for black boxes, traps and black holes n  How is research evaluated ? n n And now ?

Evaluation of a research paper n Is the topic of the paper in the domain of interest of the conference/journal ? n (Is the bibliography complete ?) n Is the contribution original ? n Is the paper technically sound/correct ? n Is the paper easy to read ? n Is the contribution significant ? n What is the level of expertise of the evaluator / what is the confidence of the evaluator in his judgement n Discussion within the program or scientific committee

Menu n n Disclaimer n n Discovery vs. invention n n What is a research result in computer science ? n n What is a research paper in computer science ? General structure(s) of a research paper in CS n n Searching for black boxes, traps and black holes n n How is research evaluated ? n  And now ?

What conclusion ? n Read, read, read, read ! n Be positively critical n Never admit supposed evidences. Always doubt (Descartes) n All questions are good n Be modest n Bring your creativity !