79 Post-1865 Concepts/Words/Events/Vocabulary You need to know for the Graduation Test in Social Studies Part I

Amendments 13,14,15 Civil War amendments: Makes the slaves free Protects slaves rights Gives freedmen the right to vote

Reconstruction- to rebuild

Reconstruction the era in the U.S. history from 1863 to 1877, when the U.S. focused on: abolishing slavery, destroying all traces of the Confederacy, and through three new constitutional amendments (13,14,15) establishing the rights of Freedmen, the name used for freed slaves

Presidential Reconstruction and Radical Republican Reconstruction. Presidential is Only 10% of southerners required to take pledge of allegiance to the Union Forgiveness Radical Republican is Punish all former Confederates Guarantee freedmen’s rights Remain the main political party (Rep.)

Andrew Johnson and radical republicans Johnson takes over as President after Lincoln is assassinated. He tries to have a reconstruction that does not destroy the South Johnson agrees in the main with Lincoln but also faces opposition from the radical republicans in Congress They still want to “punish” the South

Reconstruction’s military districts At the end of the Civil War, the defeated South was a ruined land but they did not want to follow what Congress asked them to. In 1867, Congress enacted the Reconstruction Act, which divided the South into five military districts in which the authority of the army commander was supreme.

Reconstruction in the South Freedman’s Bureau Establishment of all black colleges such as Morehouse KKK Black codes Jim Crow laws Redistribution of land among former slaves

Freedmen’s Bureau. Organization to help newly freed slaves to adjust to freedom with education and assistance Tries to help former slaves get their own land but is fairly unsuccessful

Black Codes series of statutes passed by the ex-Confederate states, 1865-66, dealing with the status of the newly freed slaves. Granted certain basic civil rights to blacks (the right to marry, to own personal property, and to sue in court), they also provided for the segregation of public facilities Placed severe restrictions on the freedman's status as a free laborer, his right to own real estate, and his right to testify in court.

Jim Crow laws statutes enacted by Southern states and municipalities, beginning in the 1880s, that legalized segregation between blacks and whites. The name is believed to be derived from a character in a popular minstrel song. The Supreme Court ruling in 1896 in Plessy v. Ferguson that separate facilities for whites and blacks were constitutional encouraged the passage of discriminatory laws that wiped out the gains made by blacks during Reconstruction.

Compromise of 1877 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops that were propping up Republican state governments in the South and allow Southerners to have their own way The “smoke filled room bargain” Ends reconstruction. The South is on their own and free to do what they want to

Susan B. Anthony prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage and equal rights into the United States.

The Spoils System Pre-1880 election. Newly elected officials would discharge 1000’s of officeholders and replace them with political favorites.

Pendleton Act fixes the Spoils System Provided the following reforms: A Civil Service Commission would be formed to administer tests to qualified applicants for government jobs; Competitive exams would be used to hire some government workers; Government employees would no longer be forced to make campaign contributions to political parties. Government workers would be hired based on merit, through education and testing, rather than being based on which party the applicant supported.

Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads First 2 railroads to cross the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean Mainly built by Irish and Chinese laborers Joined in Promontory, Utah

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 a United States federal law allowed the U.S. to suspend/stop Chinese immigration into the country and not allow the Chinese already in the US to become citizens Done because Americans thought the Chinese were lowering wages which was not accurate Basically a racist law

Effect of Railroads on Big business and steel With railroads crossing North America, business can now serve the whole country and gather resources from the whole country. They can become very large, very quickly because of this advance in transportation technology Steel becomes a huge business because railroads must have steel for their rails

Ellis Island Main entry point for immigrants to America in the 19th and 20th centuries

The new immigration Change in ethnicity of immigrants in 1880 Previously came from Northern Europe (England, Ireland and Germany) in 1800 In 1880 coming from Southern and Central Europe (Italians, Slavs, Russians, Jews)

Immigration changes Urban America Immigrants tend to locate in the cites of the North or the Mid-West. Few come South. Tend to work in factories Second Industrial Revolution takes off like a forest fire due to their plentiful labor Cities grow rapidly and there are not enough services Slums develop Tenements Gradually services such as roads, hospitals develop Wealth becomes more centered in the cities

The second great migration Movement of many African-Americans from the South to the North in search of a better life Late 1800’s to mid-1900’s

Industrial Revolution II Explosion of inventions and technology in the late 1800’s that set the basis for modern America Time of Edison, Bell, Steel, Standard oil, Carnegie, Vanderbilt Rockefeller, robber barons

Thomas Edison-inventor electric light bulb motion pictures Dictaphone X-rays phonograph

John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company Developed oil industry in America “Owned” SOC At one time controlled 95% of oil industry in America Ida Tarbell exposed his ruthless business practices SOC disbanded as a monopoly

Ida Tarbell Muckraker and investigative journalist Exposed Standard Oil’s Practices and Rockefeller’s ruthlessness Helped in the destruction of Standard Oil as a monopoly

The Jungle Book written by Upton Sinclair , another muckraker, that exposed the “filthy” practices of the meat packing industry Remember that Upton makes you upchuck

Progressivism Movement in late 1800’s that tried to reform American politics, society, and practices

Progressive government reforms Initiative - a process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot. Referendum-is an issue that appears on the ballot as a result of a voter petition drive. Recall- allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office. Direct election of senators- the voters elect senators

Boss Tweed Thomas Nast worked diligently to expose the abuses of the NYC political machine called Tammany Hall and its leader Boss Tweed through the use of political cartoons. Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and died in prison.

Progressive Reform of labor laws Child Labor laws such as small children can not work with cutting blades Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in New York results in safety laws Consumer protection laws such as no lead paint used on children's toys

Progressive Reform of poor living conditions in cities Jacob Riis exposed the plight of the urban poor and substandard housing in his 1890 book “How the Other Half Lives” NYC passed building codes to promote safety and health. Cities began to use city commissions and city managers to create more efficient government

Social Darwinism The belief that only the wealthiest and most productive in society should come first and survive

Social gospel The American Protestant movement that preached in the late 1800’s that it was the church’s role to improve people’s situation in life

1894 Pullman strike occurred when 3,000 Pullman Palace Car Company workers reacted to a 25% wage cut by going on a wildcat strike in Illinois, in 1894, bringing traffic west of Chicago to a halt. Federal troops were used to settle the strike

Jane Addams and Hull House was a founder of the U.S. Settlement House movement first American women to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Founded Hull House, one of the first settlement houses in the U.S. and eventually grew into one of the largest Provided social, educational, artistic, and economic programs to poor and newly arrived immigrants in Chicago

American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers founds the AFL or American federation of Labor One of the first unions Wants to change working conditions such as 18 hour days

Samuel Gompers Union organizer and labor leader Created American Federation of Labor union (AFL) Worked to better working conditions in the U.S.

Issues in the West White men Killing off the Buffalo Increased white settlers Plowing up the Plain Indian way of life ending due to disease and food sources decreasing Reservations Indian wars as they try to survive Racism and genocide

Sitting Bull. Led the Dakota Sioux people as their main medicine man Advocated the union of all Indian tribes against the White man Was present at Battle of Little Big Horn where General Custer fell

Ghost Dance Indian spiritual leader, Wovoka, created a dance to bring back the “old ways” Indians danced it and prayed for the buffalo to return Americans scared by the dance and it leads to the Wounded knee massacre

Wounded Knee Place where a Massacre by American soldiers against the old and very young of the Dakota Sioux Indian tribe occurred Ended revolts by the Native Americans in the West

Spanish-American War War between Spain and the United States that took place in 1898, over the issues of the liberation of Cuba. Strong expansionist sentiment/feelings in the United States motivated the USA to develop a plan for annexation of Spain's remaining overseas territories including the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam

Spanish American War war began after the American demand for Spain's peaceful resolution of the Cuban fight for independence was rejected by Spain We sent in the warship USS Maine which was blown up Yellow journalism affected the American people to demand war with Spain. War gave the United States control, among other territories, of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico the Philippines and Guam

The war in the Philippines Commodore George Dewey and Emilio Aguinaldo defeated the Spanish in the Philippines. The Philippines declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. In 1899 the First Philippine Republic was proclaimed by Aguinaldo, however…… In the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded the Philippines, to the United States. The USA says the Philippines are not to be independent so…. The Philippine-American War began The USA wins

Teddy Roosevelt Fought in Spanish American War Carry a big stick president- the Corollary Square Deal Trust buster RR reform Panama Canal Listened to muckrakers and believed in cleaning up the country Pure Food and Drug Act Stopped monopolies with Sherman Anti-trust act Set up national parks

Square Deal The Square Deal was President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program primarily aimed at helping middle class citizens.

Roosevelt Corollary a corollary (1904) or addition to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. might intervene, like a policeman, if it wanted to, in the affairs of any country in the Western Hemisphere if they were threatened with seizure or intervention by a European country.

Big Stick Diplomacy: "Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far." Roosevelt said that the United States had the right to be an “international police power” over the Western Hemisphere. He said that other countries did not have the authority to cause unrest in the Western Hemisphere, most specifically in reference to conflicts between Europe and Latin America

Imperialism Belief in building an empire outside of one’s original land borders by obtaining colonies that can give you raw materials and resources

Trust Companies in related fields agree to combine under the direction of a single board of trustees, which meant that shareholders had no say.

Sherman Anti-Trust Law outlawed trusts and monopolies in business Teddy used it to “trust bust”

Panama Canal. The US helped Panama separate from Colombia Therefore, Panama let the US build the canal on their land Joins the Pacific and Atlantic oceans Had an enormous impact on shipping

Pure Food and Drug Act Set standards for the production and sale of food and drugs: have to list ingredients on labels

Teddy and conservation Teddy loved the outdoors and hunting Declared several areas national parks and thereby created the national park system

“Dollar” diplomacy the term used to describe the efforts of the United States — particularly under President William Howard Taft — to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by making and guaranteeing loans to foreign countries.

Populist Party political party formed primarily to express the agrarian or rural protest of the late 19th cent. In some states the party was known as the People's party.

W.E.B. Dubois and Booker T. Washington Dubois was an American civil rights activist who wanted immediate integration with Whites Washington was an American civil rights activist who wanted gradual integration of blacks into white society

Niagara Movement and the NAACP The Niagara Movement was a civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group led by W. E. B. Du Bois It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group was inspired by Niagara Falls, which was near where the first meeting took place Later, he founds the NAACP It called for opposition to racial segregation as well as policies of accommodation and conciliation promoted by African American leaders such as Booker T. Washington.

WWI A war fought from 1914 to 1918, in which Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, Italy, Japan, the United States, and other allies defeated Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

Isolationism Keeping to one’s self When a nation does not interact or get involved in other nation’s affairs America was very slow to get involved in WWI because of a spirit of isolationism among Americans

The Luisitania Lusitania was torpedoed by the German submarine U-20 on 7 May 1915. 1,198 die The sinking turned public opinion in many countries , including the USA, against Germany. Led to America entering WWI

The Zimmerman Telegram 1917 was a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, to the German ambassador in the United States of America Telegram said that if Mexico would turn against the USA and fight them, Germany would give them Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. When Americans heard about the telegram that had been intercepted by British code breakers , they demanded to enter WWI

Unrestricted submarine warfare. There have been two major campaigns of unrestricted submarine warfare: The First Battle of the Atlantic during World War I, waged by Germany against Britain and her allies. This warfare was the cause for the United States entry into the war in 1917. The Second Battle of the Atlantic during World War II between 1939 and 1945, waged by Germany, mainly against Britain and her allies.

ANIMALSS Causes of WWI Alliances Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Arms race Lust for Glory Submarine warfare ANIMALSS

Neutrality Not on either or any side, None of our business. America tried to be neutral in the war between Britain and Germany but became involved in what is later called WWI

Capitalism The economic system of the USA Where business and people own the means of production and make choices as to how they will buy and sell with little to no government interference

Eugene V. Debs was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), as well as …. candidate for President of the United States as a member of the Socialist Democratic Party in 1900, and later as a member of the Socialist Party of America in 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920.

Espionage Act Act created to silence people against WWI such as Eugene Debs. Made it against the law to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. Eugene Debs was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison for making a speech that "obstructed recruiting". He served 3 years.

Trench Warfare in WWI

New weapons in WWI Tank Zeppelin or blimp Airplanes Machine guns Submarines Flame throwers Barbed wire Steel helmets Artillery cannon and mortars Poison gas-mustard, chlorine

The Central Powers consisted of the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria They fought against Britain, Russia, France, Italy and the USA, in WWI Central Powers

The Entente or The Triple Entente The countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. The main allies or entente were the Russian Empire, France, the British Empire, Italy, the Empire of Japan, and the United States The Entente or The Triple Entente

Bolshevik revolution The October Revolution also known as the Soviet Revolution or Bolshevik Revolution Bolsheviks are Russian communists led by Lenin They take over the czarist government and make it communist

Wilson’s “New Freedom” 1912 The New Freedom is the policy of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson which promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points speech on January 8, 1918, after WWI is won, that laid out Wilson's foreign policy (free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination). Last point concerns creation of a League of Nations

Wilson’s 14th Point of his 14 points speech A general association of nations must be formed for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of independence to great and small states alike

League of Nations an international organization to promote world peace and cooperation that was created by the Treaty of Versailles (1919): dissolved 1946. First attempt to have a union of countries/nations that would guide , lead the world and stop war forever Current attempt is the UN

Treaty of Versailles 1919 The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty that ended WWI It required Germany and its allies to accept responsibility for causing the war, to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Allied powers It was a main cause of WWII