GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology

STANDARDS:  TSW evaluate the scientific and ethical concerns surrounding DNA/genetic technologies  Evaluate DNA fingerprinting, recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. Objectives :

PURPOSE OF GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES  Processing DNA from the scene of a crime  Improve food crops  Determine if a person “carries” the gene for a particular disorder  Determine if a person has the gene that will cause a particular disorder before symptoms begin  Identify the father of a child  Research treatments and cures for genetic diseases

DNA TECHNOLOGIES

DNA IDENTIFICATION  Every person shares 99.9% of the same DNA. .01% variations can be used to identify an individual

TWO KINDS OF FINGERPRINTS

WHAT IS DNA FINGERPRINTING?  A technique used by scientists to distinguish between individuals by using the.01% variations in their DNA Non-coding regions of DNA contain repetitive sequences. Each person has a different number of these varying sequences. (VNTR = Variable Number Tandem Repeats)

STEPS IN DNA IDENTIFICATION  Copy the DNA billions of times = PCR  Cut it with restriction enzymes  Sort the DNA using gel electrophoresis PCR animation Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Labs

USING FRAGMENTS TO IDENTIFY  Was the suspect at the crime scene?

PATERNITY TESTING  By comparing the DNA profile of a mother and her child, it is possible to identify the biological father.

PATERNITY TEST

USING DNA FINGERPRINTING FOR IDENTIFICATION

ACCURACY OF DNA PROFILING 13 different locations for VNTR are analyzed The probability that 2 individuals (not identical twins) all the same VNTR is 1 in 100 billion There are only ~6.5 billion people on the planet

RECOMBINANT DNA

WHAT GOOD ARE BACTERIA?

Protein Factories!! All they do is produce their proteins, each and every day! BACTERIAL CELL

HOW COULD WE UTILIZE THIS?  If we give the bacteria the gene sequence we desire, it will make the proteins we wish!

RECOMBINANT DNA  When DNA from two different organisms are joined

OTHER APPLICATIONS FOR RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY  Vaccines!  We can inject the protein from a virus without giving you the actual virus.  Example: The newest flu vaccines!

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

 Began in early 90s.  By 2003, the sequencing was complete  Coded the entire human genome onto computers for analysis and study

WHAT DID WE LEARN?  Only about 2% of our genome codes for proteins  The genome is smaller than we thought!  Estimated that we have 100,000 protein-coding genes  We actually have about 20-25,000 protein coding genes

HOW DO WE USE THE INFO?  Carrier screenings  Genetic diagnostic testing  Cancer and other genetic disorders research

GENETIC ENGINEERING

 Gene therapy  Cloning  Reproductive  Therapeutic  GM crops

GENE THERAPY

CLONING

REPRODUCTIVE CLONING  Creates an entire copy of an organism

THERAPEUTIC CLONING  Creates only a part of an organism – like an organ for transplantation

GM CROPS  Adding genes to plants to:  Make resistant to wee-controlling chemicals  Resistant to plants  Yield more crops because they are better protected

CONTROVERSY  Pros  Higher crop yields  Help alleviate world hunger problems  Cons  What if resistance transfers to weeds?  Safe to eat?  Increase population size