LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHILE PART 3: EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS B : Other Notable Earthquakes Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN CHILE FLOODS WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS VOLCANOES WILDFIRES GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes subduction, which causes EARTHQUAKES
CHILE: THE SOUTH AMERICAN AND NAZCA PLATES
CHILE’S CITIES (NOTE: CONEPCION)
LOCATION OF M9.5 MAY 22, 1960 EARTHQUAKE
TWENTY-FIVE YEARS LATER M7.5 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES CHILE MARCH 3, 1985 THE SECOND LARGEST EARTHQUAKE IN THE WORLD AFTER MEXICO IN 1985
LOCATION OF MARCH 3, 1985 EARTHQUAKE
IMPACTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI Damage from strong ground shaking occurred throughout central Chile. At least 177 people were killed, and 2,575 injured. A tsunami was also generated, and its waves traversed the Pacific, striking Valparaíso, Hawaii, Alaska, Tahiti, and Japan
FIFTY YEARS LATER M8.8 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES CENTRAL CHILE: 3:34 am on February 27, 2010 Subduction Zone Quake 500 Times More Energy than the M7.0 March 12, 2010 Haiti Quake 800+ Deaths; 500+ Injured Tsunami Waves Travel Across Pacific Estimated Loss: $30 Billion
LOCATION: 100 KM FROM CONCEPCION; 330 KM FROM SANTIAGO
The Chilean people had to cope with the demands associated with: 1) a mega-quake, 2) a vigorous aftershock sequence with large events, 3) local tsunami wave run up, 4) looting in the affluent sector, and 5) recovery after the loss of 15 percent of the GDP.
LOCATION: 330 KM (200 MI) FROM SANTIAGO (THE CAPITAL)
The quake’s hypocenter was at a depth of 37 km (22 miles)
DAMAGE IN HAITI (LEFT) MUCH WORSE THAN IN CHILE (RIGHT)
Even though Chile has experienced many past earthquakes, had been implementing a modern building code since the events, and was well prepared to respond to all aspects of the emergency, it was still a disaster.
Newly built apartment buildings were severely damaged or collapsed. Flames consumed buildings and a prison. Millions of people fled into streets darkened by the failure of power lines. Roads were damaged and bridges collapsed, causing cars and trucks to crash.
An estimated 1 ½ million buildings were damaged, with about 1/3 of them collapsing, along with extensive and wide spread damage to the infrastructure.
The damage, an estimated $30 billion, was equivalent to 15 percent of Chile’s gross domestic product.
Swiss Re, the world's second- largest reinsurer, said the impact on the financial/insurance sector would be between $4 and $7 billion.
CONCEPCION: INT’L SPACE STATION PHOTO:
PRESIDENT BACHELET VIEWING DAMAGE IN CONCEPCION
DAMAGED BUILDING IN CONCEPCION
FIRE AT CONCEPCION: 90 KM FROM EPICENTER
CONCEPCION: DAMAGED BUILDING
DAMAGED BUILDING DETAIL: CONCEPCION
CONCEPCION: URGENT MASS CARE NEEDS
CONCEPCION: LOOTERS
SEARCH AND RESCUE: CONCEPCION
TALCA: DAMAGE TO HOUSES
TALCA: DAMAGED HOTEL
INTERIOR DAMAGE
SANTIAGO: DAMAGED BUILDINGS
SANTIAGO: DAMAGE TO CHURCH
DAMAGE TO BUREO BRIDGE—HIGHWAY 5
TALCA: DAMAGE TO BRIDGE (300 KM S OF SANTIAGO)
CONCEPCION: ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSED
ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSE DETAIL
MOTOR WAY IN SANTIAGO
The aftershocks of the mega- earthquake provided an opportunity for measuring ground and building response for a range of excitation levels and site conditions.
Damage from tsunami wave run up was worse locally along the coast of Chile than at distant locations along the Pacific rim.
LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE
TALCAHUANO PORT: LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE
PELLEHUE, CHILE: AFTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
DICHATO, CHILE: AFTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
TSUNAMI WAVES MOVE ACROSS THE PACIFIC
TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER ALERTS HAWAII; OTHER LOCATIONS
HAWAII: 15 HOUR ADVANCE WARNING
FORTUNATELY, THE TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, HAWAII, AMERICAN SAMOA, GUAM, JAPAN, AND OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THE TSUNAMI WAVES TRAVERSING THE PACIFIC WAS LESS THAN FORECAST.
HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES TSUNAMIS INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”
A DISASTER CAN HAPPEN WHEN THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A TSUNAMI INTERACT WITH CHILE’S COMMUNITIES OR WITH THE COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY
A DISASTER is the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis,…) intersect at a point in space and time.
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI DISASTER IS EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
CHILE’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS WINDSTORM HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION EQ-TS RISK RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK EQ-TS DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS