789 Lt R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School (2014) Module Five: Air Rules and Procedures

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 In This Module: 5.1 Rules of the Air 5.2 Air Traffic Rules and Procedures 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

5.1: Rules of the Air

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 CARs The Canadian Aviation Regulations encompass all of the rules related to operation of an aircraft in Canada. Available from Transport Canada online and in the Aeronautical Information Manual. The A.I.M. Is updated twice per year. Temporary amendments are made available through NOTAMs. In the U.S., air regulations are published in the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) by the Federal Aviation Administration. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

Certificate of Airworthiness No airplane can operate without a flight permit of certificate of airworthiness (C of A) issued by the aviation authority of the country of registration. Keeping the C of A up to date is dependent upon the aircraft being maintained in accordance with the air worthiness manual. The C of A is continuous but may go out of force if proper maintenance is not followed. An Annual Airworthiness Information Report (AAIR) must be filed every year on the anniversary of the issuance of the C of A. If this is not done, the C of A will automatically expire. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Logs and Licenses In order to be flown, an aircraft must have the following on board: The licenses of all members of the flight crew (valid for the aircraft being flown) Certificate of Registration Certificate of Airworthiness Proof of Insurance License of radio equipment installed Radio Operators License for pilots and crew Journey Log of Airplane A journey log and technical log must be maintained for every airplane, and it is the responsibility of the pilot to keep them up to date by logging the details of every flight. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Concept Check What are the CARs and where can they be found? What determines if an airplane’s Certificate of Airworthiness is up to date and in force? Name the 7 items that MUST be onboard an airplane for it to be flown legally. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Pilot’s License No one can act as Pilot-in-command (PIC) or co-pilot of an airplane without holding a valid pilot’s license, valid for the aircraft flown. Holders of a Student Pilot Permit may fly an airplane under the supervision of an authorized instructor, without passengers, in Canada only, in daytime VFR conditions. Currency Requirements: Must have operated as PIC or Co-Pilot within last 5 years, or met written exam requirements within 12 mo’s preceding the flight. To carry passengers, must have completed 5 takeoffs/landings in the same aircraft type in the 6 months preceding the flight. Pilots must log for every flight, in their personal logbook: date, aircraft type and registration, capacity acted in, names of other flight crew, place of departure, place of arrival, intermediate stops, instrument approaches, flight conditions, flight time, and method of launch (glider only). 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Rules and Right of Way It is the pilots responsibility to not fly their aircraft so close to another aircraft as to risk a collision. When two aircraft are approaching head-on, each should alter course to the right. When one aircraft is overtaking another, whether climbing, descending, or level, it should alter course to the right. When two aircraft are converging, the one that has the other on its right must give way. This does not excuse the other aircraft from responsibilities for collision avoidance. Based on their ability to manoeuvre, aircraft have priority right of way in the following order: 1) Fixed or Free Balloons, 2) Gliders, 3) Airships 4) Power driven fixed/rotary wing aircraft. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

Rules and Right of Way Cont’d If two airplanes are approaching to land, the aircraft at higher altitude must give way to the aircraft at lower altitude. Pilots of powered aircraft must give way to motorless aircraft if both are approaching to land at the same time. Over a built-up area, the pilot must operate the aircraft at an altitude at which it can be landed in an emergency without creating danger to persons or property on the ground. Over a built-up area, minimum altitude is 1000’ over any obstacles within a radius of 2000’ from the aircraft. Elsewhere, the minimum altitude is 500’ above any obstacle within 500’ radius of the aircraft. Except when taking off or landing, airplanes may not be flown below 2000’ above an aerodrome. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Concept Check Whose ultimate responsibility is it to make sure an airplane is flown a safe distance from other traffic? Describe the right of way procedures for: two aircraft approaching head on, an aircraft overtaking another, and two aircraft converging. Describe the priority of right of way for different types of aircraft. What is the minimum altitude allowable over a built-up area? Over other areas? 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Fuel Requirements Aircraft operated VFR must carry enough fuel to allow them to reach their destination with a 30 minute reserve by day and a 45 miniute reserve at night at normal cruising speed. For IFR aircraft, enough fuel must be carried to fly an approach and a missed approach at its intended destination and still have enough fuel for 45 minutes. Pilots must consider taxiing and potential takeoff delays when calculating fuel requirements to ensure that they have proper reserves onboard. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Night Requirements Aviation Definitions of Night: Any period of time when the centre of the sun is more than 6° below the horizon. The period between the end of ‘evening civil twilight and the beginning or ‘morning civil twilight’. Commencing not less than one half hour after sunset, and ending one half hour after sunrise. Sunrise occurs when the upper edge of the sun appears on the horizon. Sunset occurs when it is about to disappear. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

Night Equipment - Airplanes Aircraft operated at night must be equipped with the following approved, functioning instruments: Airspeed indicator Pressure altimeter Direct reading magnetic compass Turn and bank indicator Gyro compass or heading indicator A means to illuminate the instruments. Aircraft operated in Northern Domestic Airspace must have a means of navigation not dependant on a magnetic field. Each aircrew member must have a reliable time piece and access to a flashlight. Aircraft flying in controlled airspace must have a functioning 2-way radio. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

Night Lighting - Airplanes Aircraft Lighting Requires: A solid red light on the left wingtip and a solid green light on the right wingtip each visible through 110º. A solid white light as far aft as possible visible through 140º. Aircraft flying at night must also have anti-collision strobe lighting visible 360º around the aircraft and 30º above and below the horizontal plane. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Concept Check How much fuel must a VFR aircraft have on board if flying at night? What is the official definition of night? What instruments must an aircraft have onboard to fly at night? Describe aircraft lighting requirements. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Over Water Flights Seaplanes must be equipped with an approved life jacket for every person on board the airplane. All persons onboard must be informed of the location and method of use of life saving equipment carried for their use. Single engine land planes may operate over water if they remain within gliding distance of land. Beyond gliding distance (or 50nm out), approved life jackets must be carried for all on board. Beyond 100nm from land, the aircraft must be equipped with a life raft sufficient for servicing all on board, with emergency stores (first aid kit, flares, etc.) 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Aerobatics Any manoeuvre intentionally involving an abrupt change in attitude, an abnormal attitude, or an abrupt variation in speed is considered aerobatic. Aerobatics may not be performed: Over any urban or populous area. In controlled airspace. In any air route. Over any assembly of people (unless given permission by TC). Passengers may not be carried on aerobatic flights unless the pilot has 1- hours dual instruction in performing aerobatics, or 20 hours performing aerobatics and at least one hour in the preceding 6 months. Aerobatics should always be conducted at safe altitude. Practice spin recovery should always be made at an altitude no lower than 2000’ AGL. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Aircraft Occurrences It is the responsibility of the pilot, operator, owner, or crew member involved to report any occurrences (incidents or accidents) to the Transportation Safety Board as soon as possible. Accidents are occurrences in which 1) any person suffers death or serious injury, or 2) the aircraft sustains substantial damage or is destroyed. If an aircraft is missing, a report should be filed to ATC or a Flight Service Station. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Concept Check How far can a single engine land plane go from shore before needing life jackets for all onboard? Define aerobatic flight. What is the minimum safe altitude for practice spin recovery? Define an aircraft accident. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

5.2: Air Traffic Rules and Procedures

ATC Clearance and Instructions An Air Traffic Control Clearance is an authorization from an ATC unit for an aircraft to proceed within controlled airspace under specific conditions. Pilots are responsible for ensuring they understand all parts of an ATC clearance before accepting. Upon acceptance, a pilot is required to comply with an ATC clearance. If a all or part of a clearance is unacceptable, a pilot must inform ATC of why and ask for alternate instructions. An Air Traffic Control Instruction is a directive issued by ATC. Pilots are required to comply with and acknowledge receipt of an ATC instruction. Collision avoidance is ALWAYS the pilot’s responsibility. ATC clearances and instructions may be broken for collision avoidance. ATC must be notified as soon as possible. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Position Reports A position report is a report to ATC made upon passing a certain reporting position. It must include identification of the aircraft, position, time of passing the reporting point, altitude, flight plan type, and destination. VFR pilots are not required to make position reports but are encouraged to. A reporting point is a geographical location in relation to which the position of the aircraft must be reported. Reporting points are indicated on radio facility charts. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Concept Check What is the difference between an ATC clearance and an ATC instruction? When being controlled by ATC, whose responsibility is collision avoidance? Define a position report and a reporting point. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Flight Rules Visual Flight Rules (VFR) are the rules which apply when flying by means of visual reference to the ground. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) are the rules which apply when flying by means of reference to the cockpit instruments. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

VFR Flight Plan / Itinerary A VFR flight plan is a detailed flight plan filed with a flight service centre, community aerodrome, or ATC unit either in writing, by phone, or by radio. Flight plans MUST be closed upon arrival at final destination. VFR Flight Itinerary: VFR flights not traveling to or from a military aerodrome have the option of filing a flight itinerary with a responsible person, FSS, or ATC unit. A responsible person is a person who has agreed to notify the proper authorities if a flight is overdue. A pilot must file an arrival report with whomever the flight itinerary was filed with. If not, SAR will be activated 24 hours after expected arrival. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Concept Check What is VFR? What is IFR? Who must a VFR itinerary be filed with? What is a ‘responsible person’? 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Cruising Altitudes Cruising altitudes appropriate to direction if fight must be maintained regardless of a flight plan being filed or not. In Southern Domestic Airspace, cruising altitudes are based on magnetic track. In NDA, they are based on true track. Altitudes below 18,000’ are stated in thousands of feet. Altitudes at or above 18,000’ are stated in flight levels. I.e., 20,000’ = FL200, 35,000’ = FL350, etc. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

Cruising Altitudes Cont’d VFR - At altitudes below 12,000’ ASL: 000º to 179º ODD thousands + 500’ (3500’, 5500’, 7500’, etc.) 180º to 359º EVEN thousands + 500’ (4500’, 6500’, 8500’, etc.) VFR - At altitudes above 12,000’ but below 18,000’ ASL - Uncontrolled: 000º to 179º ODD thousands + 500’ (13500’, 15500’, 17500’) 180º to 359º EVEN thousands + 500’ (12500’, 14500’, 16500’) VFR - At altitudes above 18,000’ but below FL290 - Uncontrolled: 000º to 179º ODD Flight Levels (FL190, FL210, FL230, etc.) 180º to 359º EVEN Flight Levels(FL180, FL200, FL220, etc.) 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Cruising Speeds All controlled airspace in Canada below 10,000’ ASL is considered a ‘speed limit area’. Within 10nm of a controlled airport, and at an altitude of less than 3000’ AGL, maximum speed is 200kts IAS. In controlled airspace outside the 10nm area, below 10,000’ ASL, the maximum speed is 250kts IAS unless otherwise authorized by ATC. 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 Concept Check For VFR flight below 18,000’, heading between 000º and 179º, what are proper cruising altitudes? For VFR flight above 18,000’, but below FL290, heading between 180º and 359 º, what are proper cruising altitudes. What is the maximum airspeed a plane can operate at below 3000’ AGL within 10nm of an airport? 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 VFR Weather Minima 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

CONTACT ME WITH ANY QUESTIONS ON UNCLEAR MATERIAL REMAINING SECTIONS MAKE SURE READING HAS BEEN DONE ON FROM THE GROUND UP SECTIONS: Special VFR VFR Over the Top Minimum VFR Flight Altitudes VFR Flight in Class B Airspace Holding Pattern Identification Zones Sparsely Settled Areas Pages 116 – 120 CONTACT ME WITH ANY QUESTIONS ON UNCLEAR MATERIAL 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014

789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014 End of Module 5 789 Lt. R Hampton Gray VC Squadron Ground School 2014