1. VARIOUS KINDS OF SEPARATION
Types and description

2. Types of Separation in ATC
Vertical Separation
Horizontal Separation &
Radar Separation or Procedural separation
Runway Separation

3. Short Notes; Separation in ATC
Preventing Collisions in Aircrafts is called Separation
The distance required between aircrafts in IFR operation is called Separation and has 3 types Vertical, Horizontal and Radar
By using RVSM, traffic is increased.
Amount of separation depend on aircraft and radar coverage.

4. What is Standard separation-2marks
Standard separation refers to the distance required between aircraft- primarily an IFR aircraft

5. Vertical separation
No aircraft should come closer vertically than 300 metres unless some form of horizontal separation provided at an altitude of 29,000 feet .
Above 29,000 feet (8,800 m), no aircraft shall come closer than 600 m( except in airspace where Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) can be applied.

6. Vertical Separation

7. Vertical separation with and without RVSM

8. Runway Separation
Runway Separation for an arriving aircraft from another aircraft using the same runway by ensuring that the arriving aircraft does not cross the landing threshold

9. Runway Separation

10. Categories of Runway Separation
Category 1-An aircraft is landing behind another aircraft at a distance of 3000’
Category 2-Air Aircraft is landing behind another aircraft at a distance of 4500’
Category 3- Aircraft is landing behing another aircraft at a distance of 6000’

11. 3 Categories of Runway separation

12. What is Radar Separation
Within Controlled areas, aircraft can get within very close proximity and to control that proximity air traffic controllers use a set of procedures and regulations to keep aircraft separated safely at all times and communicate with them through radio is called Radar separation

13. Radar Separation by 2 minutes
Separate IFR/VFR aircraft landing behind a departing heavy jet/B757 on a crossing runway if the arrival will fly through the airborne path of the departure- 2 minutes or the appropriate radar separation minima

14. Radar Separation

15. Controlled and Uncontrolled Air Space
Controlled Airspace-Controlled airspace consists of airspace classes A, B, C, D and E. &
Uncontrolled Airspace-The uncontrolled airspace consists of airspace classes F, G+ and G. uncontrolled airspace includes:

16. Classification of Air Space IN INDIA
D & E are controlled Airspace where ATC clearance reqd.
F & G are un-Controlled Airspace where no clearance reqd. 16

17. 17

18. Major Classification of Airspaces D,E,F & G
Class D:Airspaces in terminal areas, control areas, control zones and aerodrome traffic zones been classified and designated as class D airspace. IFR and VFR flights permitted
Class E:Airspaces in designated ATS routes outside
terminal areas, control areas and control zones, where air traffic control service is provided been classified and designated as class E airspace.

19. Major Classification of Airspace-Contd.
Class F:Airspaces in designated ATS route segments outside terminal areas, control areas and control zones, where air traffic advisory service is provided been classified and designated as class F airspace.
Class G:Airspaces other than those in Class D, E and F been classified and designated as class G airspace.

20. Classification of Air Space
Type of flight permitted
Separation from IFR
Speed limitation
Radio Rqmt
ATC
clearance 1 D
IFR
250 KIAS
2 Way
yes 2 E
Yes 3 F no 4 G
Nil

21. Classification of Air Space

22. Controlled Airspace Control zones (CTR) Terminal control areas (TMA)
Military control areas (MIL CTA)
Airspace between FL 95 and FL 660
ATS routes between FL 65 and FL 95

23. Airspace Classes(Class C,D,G+,G)
Class C- Separation from VFR to IFR provided; VMC cloud minimum is 1000’ and 5KM to 8 KM; VFR from IFR service provided;Traffic info about VFR flights provided; and 2 way radio communication-ATC clearance
Class D-No separation VFR to IFR; Air traffic control service and traffic information provided about VFR flights; 2 way radio communication; ATC clearance
Class G+-No separation from VFR to IFR;Not subjected to ATC Clearance; FIS provided; 2 way radio communication;
Class G-No clearance for ATC,No 2 way Radio com, No separation from VFR to IFR

24. FLIGHT SEPARATIONS
TYPES AND FEATURES

25. Separation in ATC
To prevent aircraft from coming too close to each other by the use of lateral, vertical and longitudinal separation minima
Preventing collisions is called as separation in ATC,using collision avoidance system installed at ATC

26. ATC Separation

27. Types of ATC Separation
Vertical separation
Horizontal separation
Radar separation

28. Vertical Separation Minimum
Vertical Separation -the name for keeping an aircraft in a minimum distance aircraft colliding, as well as prevent accidents due to turbulence
Whether aircraft actually need separating depends upon the class of airspace aircraft flying, and the flight rules
Between the surface and an altitude of 29,000 feet (8,800 m), no aircraft should come closer vertically than 1,000 feet or 300 metres

29. Horizontal Speed Control
Horizontal Speed Control for establishing a desired separation between two aircrafts
FL 250 at and above, Speed adjustments be expressed in multiples of 0.01 Mach number
Below FL250, Speed adjustment be Multiples of 10 Knots based on Indicated Airspeed
Instructions involving frequent changes of speed, including alternate speed increases and decreases, should be avoided.

30. Vertical Speed Control
Instrument displaying rate of climb or descent in feet per minute-called Vertical speed
Aircraft shall adhere to the Mach number assigned by ATC, to within 0.01 Mach
Aircraft be instructed to adjust rate of climb or rate of descent for Vertical speed control be applied between two climbing aircraft or two descending aircraft in order to establish or maintain a specific vertical separation minimum.