Integrated Science 1: Chapter 6 100 Science Questions Integrated Science 1: Chapter 6

Question 1 What is the relationship between atoms, cells, and molecules? Atoms make up molecules, and molecules make up cells.

Question 2 How do you know if something is made up of atoms or cells? If it’s matter, it’s made up of atoms. (So, everything is made up of atoms!) If it’s alive, it’s made up of cells!

Question 3 What is an organic molecule? Organic molecules are molecules that are built with chains or rings of carbon atoms.

Question 4 What are the six most abundant elements found in living organisms? Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur.

Question 5 Why is Carbon important in living things? Living things are made up of organic molecules. Organic molecules contain carbon.

Question 6 What are the four basic organic molecules found in all living things? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Question 7 What is a macromolecule? When smaller molecules link together into larger chains or molecules.

Question 8 What is a carbohydrate? Carbohydrates are organic molecules build from C,H,O

Question 9 What are some examples of carbohydrates? Glucose Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin

Question 10 What role do carbohydrates play in cells? Glucose – primary energy source Starch – long term storage of energy in plants Glycogen – storage of energy in animals Cellulose – structure and support

Question 11 What is the formula for Glucose? C6H12O6 a simple carbohydrate

Question 12 What is starch? A complex carbohydrate formed when many glucose molecules are bonded together.

Question 13 What are lipids? Lipids are fats, and are composed of C,H,O (but not in a fixed ratio)

Question 14 What role do lipids play in cells? Long term storage of energy Used in the construction of cell membranes

Question 15 What is a saturated fatty acid? Single bonds join the carbon atoms, so each carbon atom is “saturated” with hydrogen atoms.

Question 16 What is an unsaturated fatty acid? Double bonds join some of the carbon atoms

Question 17 What are unsaturated fats liquids at room temperature? The bends from the double bonds mean that molecules can’t pack as closely together as saturated fats can.

Question 18 What are steroids? Steroids are a type of lipid that provide signaling between cells

Question 19 What are the building blocks of proteins? Proteins are made from a unique sequence of amino acids.

Question 20 How many amino acids are found in proteins?

Question 21 If there are only 20 amino acids, how is it possible for more than 100,000 proteins to exist? Proteins can consist of thousands of amino acids. The order of the amino acids determines the structure and function of the protein. So countless combinations are possible.

Question 22 What are some examples of proteins in cells and organisms? Enzymes, antibodies, skin, hair, muscles

Question 23 What role do proteins play in cells? Combine with lipids to make cell membranes Messengers and receivers of messages Defend against disease Assist in chemical reactions

Question 24 What are enzymes? Enzymes are special protein molecules that assist the chemical reactions that occur in cells

Question 25 What role do nucleic acids play in cells? Nucleic acids carry the instructions for cell processes

Question 26 What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides

Question 27 What are some examples of nucleic acids? DNA RNA

Question 28 What does unicellular mean? A unicellular organism is an organism that consists of a single cell.

Question 29 What are some examples of unicellular organisms? Bacteria, Amoeba, Paramecium

Question 30 What does multicellular mean? Multicellular organisms are those that are made up of multiple cells. They can be made up of trillions of cells.

Question 31 What is a prokaryote? Prokaryotes are cells that do not have a nucleus. They are simple, usually single-celled organisms, and were probably the first life on earth.

Question 32 What is an example of a prokaryote? Bacteria

Question 33 What is a eukaryote? Eukaryotes are cells that have a nucleus. They can be either single-celled or multi-cellular. They are more complex and have organelles.

Question 34 What are examples of eukaryotes? Plants, animals, fungi

Question 35 What are organelles? Organelles are membrane-bound compartments in eukaryotic cells that perform specialized functions within the cell.

Question 36 Why are organelles useful? Organelles allow different chemical reactions to happen in the same cell without interfering with each other.

Question 37 What is the function of the nucleus? Control center of the cell. It contains the genetic information of the cell and controls the basic functions of the cell.

Question 38 What is the function of the plasma membrane (cell membrane)? The cell membrane encloses the entire cell and determines what can get into or out of the cell.

Question 39 What kind of cells have a cell membrane? ALL cells have a cell membrane

Question 40 What is the function of a cell wall? A cell wall protects the cell and provides support.

Question 41 What kind of cells have cell walls? Plant Cells and bacteria. Animal cells do not have a cell wall.

Question 42 What is the function of the mitochondria? Mitochondria is the energy producer for the cell. Mitochondria break down sugars and convert them to energy the cell can use.

Question 43 What is the function of the lysosome? Lysosomes digest and dispose of unused or undigested materials in the cell.

Question 44 What is the function of the Golgi Bodies? Golgi Bodies modify and package proteins, and send them to their final destination.

Question 45 What is specialization? When a group of cells works together to perform a particular function. Specialized cells form tissues, organs and systems.

Question 46 What does semi-permeable mean? Semi-permeable means that some things can get through, while others cannot. Synonym: selectively permeable

Question 47 What are the 3 tenets of Cell Theory? Cells are the basic unit of life All living things are made of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Question 48 What is a solute and solvent? A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute.

Question 49 Salt is dissolved in water. Which is the solvent and which is the solute? Water is the solvent ; salt is the solute.

Question 50 What does hypertonic mean? Hypertonic refers to a solution that contains a higher concentration of solute than another. Hyper = more

Question 51 What does hypotonic mean? Hypotonic refers to a solution that contains a lower concentration of solute than another. Hypo = less

Question 52 What does isotonic mean? Isotonic refers to a solution that contains an equal concentration of solute as another. Iso = equal

Question 53 Solution A is ____________ compared to B. hypotonic A B C

Question 54 Solution B is ____________ compared to A. hypertonic A B C

Question 55 Solution C is ____________ compared to A. isotonic A B C

Question 56 What is the random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration called? Diffusion

Question 57 What is a concentration gradient? A difference in concentration over a distance

Question 58 Sketch a concentration gradient.

Question 59 What is the diffusion of water across a membrane called? Osmosis

Question 60 How do most molecules enter and exit cells? Diffusion and Osmosis

Question 61 When can you see evidence of molecules moving across cell membranes? If there is a concentration gradient, then molecules will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. You will see the cell membrane shrink or grow.

Question 62 Is the solution hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic (compared to the cell)? Hypotonic (the solution has a LOWER concentration of solute than the cell.

Question 63 Which way will water move? Into the cell because the concentration of water is higher outside the cell.

Question 64 Is the solution hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic (compared to the cell)? Hypertonic (the solution contains a HIGHER concentration of solute than the cell).

Question 65 Which way will water move? Out of the cell because the concentration of water is higher in the cell.

Question 66 Is the solution hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic (compared to the cell)? Isotonic (the solution contains an equal concentration of solute to the cell).

Question 67 Which way will water move? Water will move in and out at equal rates

Question 68 What is passive transport? Passive transport is the movement of molecules across membranes in such a way that does not require energy.

Question 69 What are some examples of passive transport? Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

Question 70 What is facilitated diffusion? Diffusion of a substance across a membrane using a transport protein

Question 71 What is active transport? Cells use energy to move substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient.

Question 72 What type of transport would Oxygen use to into or out of a cell? Diffusion – no energy required because it is moving down its concentration gradient. Oxygen is small enough to move directly through the cell membrane.

Question 73 What type of transport would Water use to into or out of a cell? Osmosis – the diffusion of water is called osmosis. No energy required because it is moving down its concentration gradient.

Question 74 What type of transport would Glucose use to into or out of a cell? Facilitated diffusion – glucose is too big to pass directly through the cell membrane so a transport protein is required. No energy required because it is moving down its concentration gradient.

Question 75 What type of transport would Sodium ions use to into or out of a cell? Active transport – ions need to move through a special transport protein called a pump because of their charge. Energy is required because the ions are moving against their concentration gradient.

Question 76 What life of a cell from it’s “birth” to the time it divides is called __________? The Cell Cycle

Question 77 What are the two main stages of the Cell Cycle? Interphase and Mitosis

Question 78 Why is mitosis important for organisms? Growth Repair and replacement of old/damaged cells differentiation

Question 79 How do organisms grow? Through an increase in the number of cells. Mitosis is the process that increases the number of cells.

Question 80 Why can’t cells grow to be too large? Because diffusion and osmosis take time which means that cells need to be small enough to get the nutrients they need in a timely fashion.

Question 81 What are the stages of the Cell Cycle? IPMAT – Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Question 82 What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? Interphase

Question 83 How many daughter cells are created in Mitosis (from one parent cell)? Two

Question 84 How does the DNA of the daughter cells compare to the DNA of the parent cell? The DNA is identical in the parent cell and the two daughter cells. Mitosis makes sure that each daughter cell gets the exact same copy of all DNA.

Question 85 When is DNA duplicated? Interphase

Question 86 Why does DNA need to be duplicated? So that there is enough DNA to give a copy to each daughter cell.

Question 87 In animal cells, which organelle begins the process of Mitosis? Centrioles

Question 88 In animal cells, which organelle begins the process of Mitosis? Centrioles

Question 89 What happens during Prophase? DNA condenses into chromosomes (made up of sister chromatids) Nuclear membrane breaks up Centrioles move to opposite sides of cell.

Question 90 What happens during Metaphase? Chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell

Question 91 What happens during Anaphase? Sister chromatids separate from each other Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell.

Question 92 What happens during Telophase? Chromosomes unwind (back into chromatin) Two nuclear membranes are formed (around each set of genetic material) Cell membrane begins to pinch together in the middle (animal cells)

Question 93 What is Cytokinesis? When the single cell that has gone through Mitosis is divided into two daughter cells.

Question 94 What phase is this? Prophase – because you can see the chromosomes, and they are randomly scattered in the nucleus.

Question 95 What phase is this? Metaphase – because you can see the chromosomes lined up along the middle.

Question 96 What phase is this? Anaphase – because you can see the sister chromatids being pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

Question 97 What phase is this? Telophase – because you can see two nuclei in the cell.

Question 98 What phase is this? Interphase – because you can only see the nucleus, but no chromosomes can be seen yet.

Question 99 What is the process by which new cells specialize and become different in appearance and function from their parent cells? Differentiation

Question 100 How does differentiation happen? Chemical signals cause different cells to use different parts of their genetic information. Remember that each and every cell in an organism has the same exact set of genetic information. The cell only uses the information that it needs for its function.

Question 101 How is mitosis different in plant and animal cells? Animal cells have centrioles, which start the process of mitosis. Plant cells don’t have centrioles. Cytokinesis is different in plant and animal cells.