1. E NTRY T ASK – 3 POINTS What is a cell? What is an Organic Molecule ? What is a macromolecule ?

2. C ARBON A TOMS A RE E SSENTIAL FOR L IFE What is an Organic Molecule ? It is a molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen atoms. Other than water, most molecules in a cell are carbon-based. What is a macromolecule ? A large molecule built from many smaller molecular units into chains Can be composed of hundreds (or millions) of atoms Cells Build macromolecules for specific uses Break down macromolecules for energy and other uses

3. C ARBON A TOMS A RE E SSENTIAL FOR L IFE What are the 4 basic types of Organic molecules found in all living organisms? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

4. C ARBON A TOMS A RE E SSENTIAL FOR L IFE Carbohydrates an organic compound made up of C, H, and O Provide Energy: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )is the primary energy source for cells Provide Structure: Cellulose and Chitin Simple sugars (glucose) are soluble in water = hydrophilic

5. C ARBOHYDRATES Glucose (simple sugar) Complex carbohydrate (e.g., starch)

6. C ARBOHYDRATES ( CON ’ T ) Produce and store energy Glucose is used by cells as the main source of energy. Glucose is a simple carbohydrate. Complex carbohydrate = simple carbohydrates joined together into larger molecules Starch : CC formed by plants to store energy Cellulose : structural CC found in cell walls Glycogen = CC formed by animals to store energy Structural roles: cell wall of plant cells ( cellulose ) exoskeleton of some insects ( chitin )

7. C ARBON A TOMS A RE E SSENTIAL FOR L IFE Lipids not soluble in water = hydrophobic Provide Energy storage (fats) Components of Cell Membranes Chemical signals (steroids)

8. L IPIDS Also called Fats Made up of C, H, O Provide long term storage of energy and carbon Fats produce more than 2x as much usable energy as glucose Used in the construction of cell membranes (with proteins) Phospholipid bilayer Fatty acids are the fats in your diet Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids are essential

9. S TRUCTURE OF F ATTY A CIDS

10. L IPIDS Steroids are lipids where the carbon skeleton forms four rings. Circulate in your body as chemical signals (estrogen, testosterone) Cholesterol is the starting point for your body to produce other steroids

11. S TOP & T HINK ( PG. 269) Using the atomic model kit, build a model of the ring form of glucose on p. 267. Sketch your model in your science NB. Label your model and write the chemical formula beneath the model. Animals store energy reserves as lipids. Plants store energy reserves as starches. What is the advantage of storing energy in lipids? Build a saturated fatty acid model Build an unsaturated fatty acid model

12. P ROTEINS & A MINO A CIDS Read “Proteins & Amino Acids” p. 269 Take notes (Cornell or Outlining)

13. Present in the cells in large amounts Contain H,O,N,C Molecules composed of amino acids DNA stores the info to make all proteins an organism requires for life Shape and function of a protein molecule is determined by the order of amino acids 20 a.a.’s are commonly found in proteins humans produce 9 of the 20 11 are essential and must be obtained from food Plant, animal, and bacteria cells all produce protein P ROTEINS

14. How do we get the amino acids we need ? Meats are complete and contain all of the essential amino acids Vegetables - low or are missing essential amino acids Digestion breaks down proteins into amino acids for use by cells to build the different proteins your body needs

15. P ROTEINS Functions of Protein structural components of cells messengers and receivers of messages (receptors) between cells Help defend against disease Enzymes Specialized protein molecules that assist reactions occurring in cells

16. Made of nucleotides Sugar + nitrogen base + phosphate group C,H,O,N,P Store and transmit hereditary information Carry the instructions for cell processes DNA and RNA N UCLEIC A CIDS

17. S TOP & T HINK What are the functions of organic molecules in cells? Describe how it is possible for so many different proteins to exist. Organic Molecule Elements Functions in Cell

18. S TOP & T HINK Describe how it is possible for so many different proteins to exist. Many foods are soluble in water so that you can digest them. Many parts of your body are not soluble in water. Yet both food and body parts are made from carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. How can this be?

19. C ARBON A TOMS A RE E SSENTIAL FOR L IFE What are the 4 basic types of Organic molecules found in all living organisms? (Continued) Proteins Responsible for almost all of the day-to-day functioning of organisms Provide structure: membranes, hair, skin, muscles, skeleton Messengers: convey and receive messages from one cell to another Enable chemical reactions in cells: enzymes Nucleic Acids Carry the instructions for all cell processes Store and transmit genetic information