McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Chapter 7

7-2 Learning Objectives Understand... How qualitative methodologies differ from quantitative methodologies. The controversy surrounding qualitative research. The types of decisions that use qualitative methodologies. The different qualitative research methodologies.

7-3 Pull Quote “Sometimes people are layered. There’s something totally different underneath than what’s on the surface... like pie.” Joss Whedon, author and screenwriter

7-4 Qualitative Research and the Research Process

7-5 Qualitative Research Ethnography Observation Data Collection Techniques Data Collection Techniques IDIs Action Research Group Interviews Grounded Theory Focus Groups Case Studies

7-6 Qualitative Research Trace Evidence Artifacts Other Techniques Other Techniques Behavioral Observations Textual Analysis Debriefings

7-7 Qualitative Research in Business Job Analysis Advertising Concept Development Productivity Enhancement New Product Development Benefits Management Retail Design Process Understanding Union Representation Market Segmentation Sales Analysis

7-8 Data Sources People Organizations Texts Environments Events and happenings Artifacts/ media products

7-9 The Roots of Qualitative Research Psychology Anthropology Communication Sociology Semiotics Economics Qualitative Research

7-10 Distinction between Qualitative & Quantitative Theory Testing Theory Building

7-11 Focus of Research Qualitative Understanding Interpretation Quantitative Description Explanation

7-12 Researcher Involvement Qualitative High Participation-based Quantitative Limited Controlled

7-13 Time Duration Qualitative Longitudinal Multi-method Quantitative Cross-sectional or longitudinal Single method

7-14 Sample Design and Size Qualitative Non-probability Purposive Small sample Quantitative Probability Large sample

7-15 Data Type and Preparation Qualitative Verbal or pictorial Reduced to verbal codes Quantitative Verbal descriptions Reduced to numeric codes

7-16 Turnaround Qualitative Shorter turnaround possible Insight development ongoing Quantitative May be time-consuming Insight development follows data entry

7-17 Data Analysis Qualitative Nonquantitative Human judgment mixed with fact Emphasis on themes Quantitative Computerized analysis Facts distinguished Emphasis on counts

7-18 Qualitative Research and the Research Process

7-19 Pretasking Activities Use product in home Bring visual stimuli Create collage Keep diaries Construct a story Draw pictures

7-20 Pretasking Activities

7-21 Formulating the Qualitative Research Question

7-22 Choosing the Qualitative Method Types of participants Researcher characteristics Researcher characteristics Factors Schedule Budget Topics Project’s purpose

7-23 NonProbability Sampling Purposive Sampling Snowball Sampling Convenience Sampling

7-24 Qualitative Sampling General sampling rule: Keep conducting interviews until no new insights are gained.

7-25 The Interview Question Hierarchy

7-26 Interviewer Responsibilities Recommends topics and questions Controls interview Plans location and facilities Proposes criteria for drawing sample Writes screener Recruits participants Develops pretasking activities Prepares research tools Supervises transcription Helps analyze data Draws insights Writes report

7-27 Elements of a Recruitment Screener Heading Screening requirements Identity information Introduction Security questions Demographic questions Behavior questions Lifestyle questions Attitudinal and knowledge questions Articulation and creative questions Offer/ Termination

7-28 Interview Formats Unstructured Semi-structured Structured

7-29 Requirements: Unstructured Interviews Distinctions Developed dialog Interviewer skill Probe for answers Interviewer creativity

7-30 The Interview Mode GroupIndividual

7-31 IDI vs Group Individual InterviewGroup Interview Explore life of individual in depth Create case histories through repeated interviews over time Test a survey Orient the researcher to a field of inquiry and the language of the field Explore a range of attitudes, opinions, and behaviors Observe a process of consensus and disagreement Detailed individual experiences, choices, biographies Sensitive issues that might provoke anxiety Issues of public interest or common concern Issues where little is known or of a hypothetical nature Time-pressed participants or those difficult to recruit (e.g., elite or high- status participants) Participants with sufficient language skills (e.g., those older than seven) Participants whose distinctions would inhibit participation Participants whose backgrounds are similar or not so dissimilar as to generate conflict or discomfort Participants who can articulate their ideas Participants who offer a range of positions on issues Research Objective Topic Concerns Participants

7-32 Research Using IDIs Cultural interviews Sequential interviewing Sequential interviewing Types Life histories Critical incident techniques Oral histories Ethnography

7-33 Projective Techniques MET Sensory sorts Semantic Mapping Semantic Mapping Data Collection Techniques Data Collection Techniques Sentence Completion Cartoons Thematic Apperception Laddering Association Component Sorts Imagination Exercises Imagination Exercises

7-34 PicProfile: Projective Techniques Anderson Analytics uses a cast of characters during interviewing.

7-35 Group Interviews Mini-Groups  Dyads  Triads Small Groups  Focus Groups Supergroups

7-36 Determining the Number of Groups Scope Number of distinct segments Desired number of ideas Desired level of detail Homogeneity Level of distinction

7-37 Group Interview Modes Telephone Online Videoconference Face-to-Face

7-38 Combining Qualitative Methodologies Action ResearchCase Study

7-39 Triangulation: Merging Qualitative and Quantitative Conduct studies simultaneously Perform series: Qualitative, Quantitative, Qualitative Ongoing qualitative with multiple waves of quantitative Quantitative precedes Qualitative

7-40 Key Terms Action research Case study CAPI Content analysis Creativity session Ethnography Focus groups Group interview IDI  Convergent interviewing  Critical incident technique  Cultural interviews  Grounded theory  Life histories  Oral history  Sequential interviewing Interview

7-41 Key Terms (cont.) Interview guide Moderator Non-probability sampling Pretasking Probability sampling Qualitative research Quantitative research Recruitment screener Triangulation Projective techniques  Cartoons  Component sorts  Imagination exercises  Laddering  Metaphor Elicitation Technique  Semantic mapping  Brand mapping  Sensory sorts  Sentence completion  Thematic Apperception Test  Word or picture association

McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION OPPORTUNITIES Chapter 7

7-43 Snapshot: Performance Review Informal Feedback More Complete More timely Public web “venting” Social networking

7-44 Snapshot: Problems with Focus Groups Blatherers Dominators Cynics Hostiles Proselytizers Wallflowers CoModerators

7-45 Snapshot: Hallmark Reveal connection dilemmas Senior managers listening

7-46 Snapshot: Home Depot Mystery Shopping Compare research to results Rethink questions & observations Add a conversation with participants

7-47 Research Thought Leader “Most of what influences what we say and do occurs below the level of awareness. That’s why we need new techniques: to get at hidden knowledge – to get at what people don’t know they know.” Gerald Zaltman Emeritus Professor, Harvard Creator, Zmet technique

7-48 Research Thought Leader “It is better to think of the Web... as the sounds of independent voices, just like the street corner soapbox preacher or that friend of yours who always recommends the best books.” David Meerman Scott marketing strategist and author, The New Rules of Marketing and PR

7-49 PulsePoint: Research Revelation 62 The percent of wealthy consumers reporting that the state of the economy has changed their view of luxury purchases... that flaunting luxury is insensitive.

McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Chapter 7

7-51 Photo Attributions