Chapter 11 Intelligence McElhaney

Content Outline Binet- 1904 Define Intelligence Intelligence Testing Which signs of giftedness are most important to you? Autistic Savants Outline key information regarding Mental Retardation Profoundly, Severely, Mildly, Borderline retardation Causes of Retardation Familial, Organic, Fetal, Metabolic, Genetic Abnormalities PKU Microcephaly Hydrocephaly Cretinism Down syndrome Fragile X Syndrome Which has more influence on intelligence heredity or Environment? Eugenics Tryon study What do twin studies show? What are some other factors of intelligence- Environment, Socio-Economic level, child development programs? Intelligent information processing. Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner Content Outline Binet- 1904 Define Intelligence Intelligence Testing Aptitude, Mental abilities Validity and Reliability Criterion Validity Objective and Standardized Tests 5 Aspects of Intelligence Fluid Reasoning Draw the Bell Curve IQ tests (outline all aspects found in the text) Quantitative Reasoning- Visual-Spatial Processing Working Memory Mentally Gifted Dr. Terman Outline characteristics of successful students. (Pg. 411)

Basic Ideas Intelligence Test are useful estimates of intelligence Everyone has special aptitudes= wide range of mental abilities Most people are mid-range intelligence Small % of people have high intelligence High IQ does not reveal success Intelligence relates to heredity + environment IQ test are not perfectly reliable

Defining Intelligence 1904- Alfred Binet “Created test to tell if a child was performing up to his or her potential” Definition- (abstract thinking, or reasoning, problem solving, capacity to acquire knowledge) Intelligence is the global capacity to act purposefully To think rationally To deal effectively with the environment

Aptitude A capacity for learning certain abilities People with aptitude- will do well Aptitude tests- measure narrow range of abilities SAT = Scholastic Assessment Test Measures aptitude for language, math, reasoning

Reliability & Validity Is the test reliable? Is it consistent? Is the test valid? = A test measures what it claims to measure Criterion Validity- comparing test scores with actual performance Objective tests- tests that can be scored the same by two different scorers

Standardized Tests Standard procedures are used The norm =results of average Used to rank and compare students and achievement http://www.fairtest.org/facts/nratests.html

IQ Tests Stanford- Binet Intelligence Test 5th ed. (SB5) Cognitive ability assessment Measures: Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, Working Memory Ages:2 to 85+ years “IQ scores reflect a person’s education, maturity, and experience, as well as innate intelligence.”

SB5 Age ranked questions- that get progressively more difficult Very reliable-(?)

Intelligence Quotients To accurately measure intelligence need to know Chronological age (CA) Mental age (CA)= (average intellectual performance)= level of age-ranked questions she or he can answer Example vocabulary word “Connection” certain % know this term Scores of many words similar can lead to an overall mental age can be identified.

IQ IQ = from dividing one number into another. MA X 100 = IQ CA

Scoring IQ When mental age and chronological age is the same or similar = normal intelligence 100 or near… Average ranges= 90-109 intelligence When the mental age is higher than the chronological age- intelligence is higher

Nice to know Modern IQ scores are associated with “Deviation Scores= based on a person’s relative standing in his or her age group.” Which tell how far above or below average a person’s scores fall. IQ doesn’t really change after age 16, except, when strong stimulation is present IQ seems to increase,… or when alcoholism or drug use causes a decline

IQ + Achievement 100 = struggle with college 120- would do just fine IQ = grades – correlation IQ is not correlated to art, music, drama, science or leadership (creativity- test tell us more)

The Normal Curve Number of scores Ninety-five percent of all people fall within 30 points of 100 Number of scores 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 Wechsler intelligence score Sixty-eight percent of people score within 15 points above or below 100 Most scores fall close to the average and few are found at extremes

Sex in Relation to IQ Women- best performance as group Verbal, vocabulary and rote learning Men- spatial visualization- math Issue related to the tendency of parents + teachers to encourage males in these areas

IQ and Job Status There are many variables associated IQ- its not absolute High IQ correlates with white collar careers Lawyers, engineers = 125 IQ Lower IQ = miners & farm workers

Bias and IQ Bias is associated with IQ and jobs that require academic degrees Test measure a particular type of intelligence (Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, Working Memory) Studies show that African Americans score lower on IQ scores because of cultural bias.

IQ Bias examples What number comes next in the following sequence:    1   2   5   6   9   10   ___________ How many weeks are in a year?   ___________ Filthy is to disease as clean is to __________ Three of the following may classified with pool.  What are they?    lagoon   swamp   lake   marsh   pond (circle your answers) Which items may be classified with clock?    ruler   thermometer   rainguage   tachometer (circle your answers) If BAD is written 214, how would you write DIG in the same secret writing? ______ If Mary's aunt is my mother, what relation is Mary's father to my sister? _______ Why does the state require people to get a license in order to get married? ___________________________________________________________________ What is the thing to do if you find an envelope in the street that is sealed, addressed and has a new stamp? ___________________________________________________________________ Why should you keep away from bad company?

Answer Key Scoring Sheet: Australian/American Test of Intelligence Answer is 13.  Add 1 to the first number, then add 3, ,then 1, then 3, etc. Fifty-two Health - If you believe that germs cause illness and if you believe that absences of "filth" signifies the absence of germs. Lagoon, lake, pond All of these.  They are all measuring devices. 497.  Solution of this problem requires ability to count and sort some of concept of codes. Uncle.  Assumes conceptualization of European/Western familial relationships. For social control?  To see that people do not commit bigamy?  To see that closely related kinsfolk do not marry?  For statistical purposes?  To ensure that people who are under age do not marry? Post it.  However, a more practical line of action would be: open it to see if it contains anything of value, carefully remove the stamp for your own use and at least be 18c richer.  But in a highly acquisitive society principles of "honesty" (i.e. respect for unprotected property) have to be supported or society could easily break down (to the disadvantage of property owners).  Note the question asks "What is the thing to do...." not "What would you do...."  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis. Because they may influence your own behavior and get you into trouble.  However, this only correct if you believe that bad people influence good people and not vice versa, that people who behave badly should be isolated in the community.  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis.

The Dynamics of Intelligence Degrees of Mental Retardation Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of the Retarded Adaptation to Demands of Life Mild 50-70 85% May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills. Moderate 35-49 10 May progress to second-grade level. academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by labor in sheltered workshops. Severe 20-34 3-4 May learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training. Profound Below 20 1-2 Require constant aid and supervision.

5 Aspects of Intelligence Fluid Reasoning Knowledge Quantitative reasoning Visual-Spatial reasoning Working memory

Fluid Reasoning Use inductive reasoning – from specific to general Or Deductive reasoning- from general to the specific Example of question tasks- “how are an apple, a plum, and a banana, different from a beat?” Other items- Complete a matrix of shapes that has one missing. Tell a story that explains what’s going on in a series of pictures.

Knowledge Assesses general information the test taker has acquired. Questions: General knowledge = “How many legs does a horse have? Vocabulary = Define the word cryptic Absurdities = What is wrong with this picture?”

Quantitative Reasoning- Measure a person’s ability to solve problems involving numbers. Questions emphasize practical problems vs mathematical knowledge Given the number 3, 6, 9, 12 what number would come next?

Visual-Spatial Processing Assesses someone’s ability to see patterns and relationships in visual displays Examples- putting picture puzzles together Working with geometric shapes Reproducing patterns of blocks

Working Memory Measures the ability to recall, sort, and apply information in short-term memory Remembering the order of colored beads on a stick

Giftedness

Dr. Terman

New Ways of Viewing Intelligence (cont.) Reflective Intelligence: Ability to become aware of one’s own thinking habits Metacognitive Skills: Ability to manage one’s own thinking and problem solving efforts

Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence: Some Concepts Multiple Intelligences: Theory posed by Howard Gardner that states we have several specialized types of intellectual ability G-Factor: General ability factor; assumed to explain the high correlations among various intellectual measures

Gardner’s Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences Language: Used for thinking by lawyers, writers, comedians Logic and Math: Used by scientists, accountants, programmers Visual and Spatial Thinking: Used by engineers, inventors, aviators Music: Used by composers, musicians, music critics

Gardner’s Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences (cont.) Bodily-Kinesthetic Skills: Used by dancers, athletes, surgeons Intrapersonal Skills (Self-Knowledge): Used by poets, actors, ministers Interpersonal Skills (Social Abilities): Used by psychologists, teachers, politicians Naturalistic Skills (Ability to Understand Natural Environment): Used by biologists, organic farmers