1. What makes us smart? Or not so smart?
Intelligence
What makes us smart?
Or not so smart?

2. Theories of Intelligence
No one real definition.
Many psychologists differentiate between:
Fluid Intelligence:
Our ability to solve abstract problems & learn new information & skills.
Crystallized Intelligence:
Our ability to use knowledge we’ve accumulated over time
Fluid Intelligence appears to decrease
with age
Crystallized Intelligence seems to hold
steady regardless of age
4 main theoretical concepts of intelligence….

3. Charles Spearman: G factor
Used factor analysis and discovered that what we see as many different skills is actually one General Intelligence. If you are good at one subject you are usually good at many others.

4. Howard Gardner: Multiple Intelligences
Gardner believed that there are several different types of intelligences.
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Body-kinesthetic
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Naturalist

5. Robert Sternberg: Triarchic Theory Most commonly accepted theory today.
Three types of intelligence:
Analytical (academic, problem-solving)
Creative (use info & knowledge in new ways)
Practical (everyday tasks, “street smart”)

6. Daniel Goleman: EQ Emotional Intelligence
First called social intelligence.
The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ

7. How do we Assess Intelligence?
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure out a concept called a mental age (what a person of a particular age should know).
They discovered that by discovering someone’s mental age they can predict future performance.
Hoped they could use test to help children, not label them.

8. Louis Terman and his IQ Test
If a 10-year-old child had a mental age of 12 (that is, performed on the test at the level of an average 12-year-old), the child is assigned an IQ of 12/10 × 100, or 120. If the 10-year-old had a mental age of 8, the child’s IQ would be 8/10 × 100, or 80.
Used Binet’s research to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test.
IQ=
Mental age /Chronological age
x 100

9. The majority of people have an IQ score between 85 and 115.
1 to 24 - Profound mental disability
25 to 39 - Severe mental disability
40 to 54 - Moderate mental disability
55 to 69 - Mild mental disability
70 to 84 - Borderline mental disability
85 to Average intelligence
115 to Above average; bright
130 to Moderately gifted
145 to Highly gifted
160 to Exceptionally gifted
180 and up - Profoundly gifted

10. Wechsler Tests
More common way to give IQ tests….does not use the formula but uses the same scoring system.
WAIS (adults)
WISC (children, 6-16)
WPPSI (young children)

11. How do we construct an Intelligence Test?
Psychometricians:
People who make tests.
Standardization:
The questions are piloted on similar populations and the scores fall on a normal distribution.
SAT experimental section

12. How do we construct an Intelligence Test?
Validity:
The degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure.
Content Validity
Criterion-Related
Construct Validity
Reliability:
The degree to which a test yields consistent results.
Split-Half
Equivalent Forms
Test-Retest

13. Types of Tests Aptitude Achievement Measure ability or potential.
Tests that measure what you have learned.