1. Cognition Create a Concept Map/Flow Chart/Graphic Organizer
Organize all of the content into their larger categories
Cognition
Memory
Language
Thinking
Problem Solving and Creativity

2. Myers Intelligence and Individual Differences Modules 60-64
McElhaney

3. quiz How are the following theories connected?
Spearman
Gardener
Sternberg
Thurstin
Which theory of intelligence do you most identify with and why?

4. Content Outline Binet- 1904 Define Intelligence Intelligence Testing
Which signs of giftedness are most important to you?
Autistic Savants
Outline key information regarding Intellectual Disability=Mental Retardation
Profoundly, Severely, Mildly, Borderline Intellectual Disability
Causes of Intellectual Disability
Familial, Organic, Fetal, Metabolic, Genetic Abnormalities
PKU
Microcephaly
Hydrocephaly
Cretinism
Down syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
Which has more influence on intelligence heredity or Environment?
Eugenics
Tryon study
What do twin studies show?
What are some other factors of intelligence- Environment, Socio-Economic level, child development programs?
Intelligent information processing.
Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner
Content Outline
Binet- 1904
Define Intelligence
Intelligence Testing
Aptitude, Mental abilities
Validity and Reliability
Criterion Validity
Objective and Standardized Tests
5 Aspects of Intelligence
Fluid Reasoning
Draw the Bell Curve
IQ tests (outline all aspects found in the text)
Quantitative Reasoning-
Visual-Spatial Processing
Working Memory
Mentally Gifted
Dr. Terman
Outline characteristics of successful students. (Pg. 411)

5. Quiz Rosenthal and Jacobsen “What you expect is what you get”
Describe the methodology of Rosenhtal’s student study.
What is the Pygmalion Effect?
What are the implications of Rosenthal’s study?

6. Questions What is intelligence?
How good are tests designed to measure intelligence?
Can test scores be compared without considering the social and academic background of the people who took the tests?
How are intelligence tests created?
What do intelligence tests measure?
How can intelligence tests be evaluated?

7. Basic Ideas Intelligence Test are useful estimates of intelligence
Everyone has special aptitudes= wide range of mental abilities
Most people are mid-range intelligence
Small % of people have high intelligence
High IQ does not reveal success
Intelligence relates to heredity + environment
IQ test are not perfectly reliable
Intelligence is a developed ability… asking questions helps
Rewards for progress helps
Encouragement helps
Expectations (aid) (Rosenthal and Jacobsen study… teacher expectations)

8. Defining Intelligence
Definition- (abstract thinking, or reasoning, problem solving, capacity to acquire knowledge)
Intelligence is the global capacity to act purposefully
To think rationally
To deal effectively with the environment
“Intelligence is the ability to
Learn from experience.
To solve problems
Use knowledge
All to adapt to new situations

9. Charles Spearman Researched Intelligence
Found there is one “g” “General Intelligence”
He said people have special abilities that cross over to other topics/subjects/abilities
He identified
Factor Analysis- is basically a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items.
The “g” factor underlies all intelligent behavior. (it’s not just one thing!)

10. Kanazawa Evolutionary psychologist People had to solve problems
Different problems required different intelligences

11. Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence: Some Concepts
Multiple Intelligences: Theory posed by Howard Gardner that states we have several specialized types of intellectual ability
Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligence
Found some insight into how people learn
He identified different skills that make up intelligence
Said they are complimentary and interact
Some intelligences are developed further than others
Reinforces “g” Factor

12. Gardner’s Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic: Used for thinking by lawyers, writers, comedians
Logic and Math: Used by scientists, accountants, programmers
Spatial Thinking: Used by engineers, inventors, aviators
Musical: Used by composers, musicians, music critics
Bodily-Kinesthetic Skills: Used by dancers, athletes, surgeons
Intrapersonal (Self-Knowledge): Used by poets, actors, ministers
Interpersonal (Social Abilities): Used by psychologists, teachers, politicians
Naturalistic (Ability to Understand Natural Environment): Used by biologists, organic farmers

13. Multiple Intelligence
Sternberg’s Three Intelligences
Multiple Intelligence
Analytical
Academic problem solving
Traditional intelligence tests
Predicts school grades
Creative Intelligence
Reacting adequately to novel situations
Generating novel ideas
Creative problem solving
Practical Intelligence
Everyday tasks
Managing yourself/tasks/other people
Thurstin’s-
Identified 7 Clusters of Primary Mental Abilities
Word Fluency
Verbal Comprehension
Spatial
Perceptual speed
Numerical ability
Inductive reasoning
Memory

14. Sternberg-Wagner Test
Measures Managerial abilities
Writing memos
Motivating people
Delegating tasks
Delegating responsibilities
Reading people
Promoting one’s career

15. 4 Components of Emotional Intelligence
Perceiving emotions
Understanding emotions
Predict them and how they change
Managing emotions
Means expressing them appropriately
Using emotions
To help thinking not hinder
Self awareness and
Social awareness
Are key

16. Intelligence Tests
Assess people’s mental abilities and compare them with others using numerical scores.

17. General Intelligence Tests – measure:
Remembering
Reasoning
Verbal Abilities
Mathematic Abilities
Cognitive abilities- deal with capacity to:
Reason
Remember
Understand
Solve problems
Make decisions
Processing speed
We draw conclusions about people’s intelligence from what can be observed and measured

18. Alfred Binet, 1904 France Education Researcher (20th Century France)
Tried to measure reasoning, thinking, problem solving, and found all depended on intelligence
 “Created test to tell if a child was performing up to his or her potential”
Tasks that would highlight differences in children’s ability to do these things
Age based tasks
“6 year old item” types of questions that most kids should be able to answer
Test measured a child’s mental level (aka) Mental Age
He found by determining the age level of most advanced items a child could consistently answer correctly then he made inferences about the child in reference to most children of that age…
“Children whose mental age equaled their actual chronological age were considered to be regular level intelligence.” (p. 367)

19. Stern and Terman and IQ Stern Terman Created IQ Intelligence Quotient
Modified Binet
Stanford Binet Test

20. Intelligence Quotients
To accurately measure intelligence need to know
Chronological age (CA)
Mental age (CA)= (average intellectual performance)= level of age-ranked questions she or he can answer
Example vocabulary word “Connection” certain % know this term
Scores of many words similar can lead to an overall mental age can be identified.

21. IQ
IQ = from dividing one number into another.
MA X 100 = IQ CA

22. Scoring IQ
When mental age and chronological age is the same or similar
= normal intelligence 100 or near…
Average ranges= intelligence
When the mental age is higher than the chronological age- intelligence is higher

23. IQ + Achievement 100 = struggle with college 120- would do just fine
IQ = grades – correlation
IQ is not correlated to art, music, drama, science or leadership (creativity- test tell us more)

24. Nice to know
Modern IQ scores are associated with “Deviation Scores= based on a person’s relative standing in his or her age group.” Which tell how far above or below average a person’s scores fall.
IQ doesn’t really change after age 16, except, when strong stimulation is present IQ seems to increase,… or when alcoholism or drug use causes a decline

25. New Stanford Binet (SB5)
Still age based IQ
Measures:
Fluid Reasoning
Knowledge
Quantitative Reasoning
Working Memory
Visual + Spatial Processing
(Verbal and Non-verbal)
Age ranked questions- that get progressively more difficult

26. The Normal Curve Number of scores
Ninety-five percent
of all people fall
within 30 points
of 100
Number of scores
Wechsler intelligence score
Sixty-eight percent
of people score
within 15 points
above or below 100
Most scores fall close to the average and few are found at extremes

27. Sex in Relation to IQ Women- best performance as group
Verbal, vocabulary and rote learning
Men- spatial visualization- math
What are other connections we can make to this tendency?
Evolutionary, Social/Gender Bias
Issue related to the tendency of parents + teachers to encourage males in these areas

28. IQ and Job Status
There are many variables associated IQ- it’s not absolute
High IQ correlates with white collar careers
Lawyers, engineers = 125 IQ
Lower IQ = miners & farm workers

29. Wechsler, David (1930) (WAIS) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Tested
Verbal
Non-verbal
Success was not measured on formal school
WAIS IV newest version gives IQ based on Verbal and Non-verbal
Verbal Tasks-
Remembering a series of digits
Solving arithmetic
Defining vocabulary
Understanding and answering general knowledge questions
Performance Tasks
Understanding relationships between objects
Manipulation of blocks, mazes, pictures/stories, completing unfinished pictures

30. Are IQ tests fair?
Bias is associated with IQ and jobs that require academic degrees
Test measure a particular type of intelligence (Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, Working Memory)
Studies show that African Americans score lower on IQ scores because of cultural bias.

31. Evaluating Tests: Are IQ Tests Fair?
There are many variables that can impact test performance
English language
Vocabulary and experiences
Culture Specific
Many tests reflect the attitudes and experiences of the authors example middle class culture
Context dependent questions
Biased questions

32. IQ Bias examples
What number comes next in the following sequence:    1   2   5   6   9   10   ___________
How many weeks are in a year?   ___________
Filthy is to disease as clean is to __________
Three of the following may classified with pool.  What are they?    lagoon   swamp   lake   marsh   pond (circle your answers)
Which items may be classified with clock?    ruler   thermometer   rainguage   tachometer (circle your answers)
If BAD is written 214, how would you write DIG in the same secret writing? ______
If Mary's aunt is my mother, what relation is Mary's father to my sister? _______
Why does the state require people to get a license in order to get married? ___________________________________________________________________
What is the thing to do if you find an envelope in the street that is sealed, addressed and has a new stamp?
___________________________________________________________________
Why should you keep away from bad company?

33. Answer Key Scoring Sheet: Australian/American Test of Intelligence
Answer is 13.  Add 1 to the first number, then add 3, ,then 1, then 3, etc.
Fifty-two
Health - If you believe that germs cause illness and if you believe that absences of "filth" signifies the absence of germs.
Lagoon, lake, pond
All of these.  They are all measuring devices.
497.  Solution of this problem requires ability to count and sort some of concept of codes.
Uncle.  Assumes conceptualization of European/Western familial relationships.
For social control?  To see that people do not commit bigamy?  To see that closely related kinsfolk do not marry?  For statistical purposes?  To ensure that people who are under age do not marry?
Post it.  However, a more practical line of action would be: open it to see if it contains anything of value, carefully remove the stamp for your own use and at least be 18c richer.  But in a highly acquisitive society principles of "honesty" (i.e. respect for unprotected property) have to be supported or society could easily break down (to the disadvantage of property owners).  Note the question asks "What is the thing to do...." not "What would you do...."  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis.
Because they may influence your own behavior and get you into trouble.  However, this only correct if you believe that bad people influence good people and not vice versa, that people who behave badly should be isolated in the community.  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis.

34. Measuring the Quality of Tests
Tests are standardized procedure, observing and describing behavior
Objective in nature to remove biases
Score= a performance summary
Norms= the frequency of particular scores related to other people and groups
Reliability= Replication, identified as a Correlation Coefficient
Validity= test measures what it is supposed to measure
Criterion Validity- comparing test scores with actual performance
Objective tests- tests that can be scored the same by two different scorers

36. Standardized Tests Standard procedures are used
The norm =results of average
Used to rank and compare students and achievement

37. Quiz on IQ tests
What are the elements that are used to measure IQ? (How are IQ tests scored?)
Who were primary researchers associated with IQ testing?
What specific skills and abilities are measured by IQ tests?
How are reliability/Validity/Norms/ related to IQ tests?
Explain why researchers suggest that IQ tests are biased

38. WAIS Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale Topics:
Similarities- Reasoning + Commonality
Vocabulary-
Block design- Visual abstract processing
Letter Numbering Sequence- repeat numbers in ascending order + alphabetical order

39. WAIS offers IQ Score Verbal Comprehension Perceptual organization
Working memory
Processing speed shows cognitive strengths + weaknesses

40. Intellectual Disability
1. “A person must have both low test score and
2. Difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living.”
Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of the Retarded Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild % May learn academic skills up to
sixth-grade level. Adults may, with
assistance, achieve self-supporting
social and vocational skills.
Moderate May progress to second-grade level.
academically. Adults may contribute
to their own support by labor in
sheltered workshops.
Severe May learn to talk and perform simple
work tasks under close supervision
but are generally unable to profit from
vocational training.
Profound Below Require constant aid and supervision.

41. 6 Aspects of Intelligence
Fluid Reasoning
Knowledge
Quantitative reasoning
Visual-Spatial reasoning
Working memory
Processing Speed

42. Fluid Reasoning Use inductive reasoning – from specific to general Or
Deductive reasoning- from general to the specific
Example of question tasks- “how are an apple, a plum, and a banana, different from a beet?”
Other items-
Complete a matrix of shapes that has one missing.
Tell a story that explains what’s going on in a series of pictures.

43. Knowledge Assesses general information the test taker has acquired.
Questions:
General knowledge = “How many legs does a horse have?
Vocabulary = Define the word cryptic
Absurdities = What is wrong with this picture?”

44. Quantitative Reasoning-
Measure a person’s ability to solve problems involving numbers.
Questions emphasize practical problems vs mathematical knowledge
Given the number 3, 6, 9, 12 what number would come next?

45. Visual-Spatial Processing
Assesses someone’s ability to see patterns and relationships in visual displays
Examples- putting picture puzzles together
Working with geometric shapes
Reproducing patterns of blocks

46. Working Memory
Measures the ability to recall, sort, and apply information in short-term memory
Remembering the order of colored beads on a stick

47. Psychometrics
Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational measurement. The field is primarily concerned with the construction and validation of measurement instruments such as questionnaires, tests, and personality assessments.

48. Other Tests: Aptitude Tests:
Predicts your ability to learn a new skill
Measure readiness to learn certain things
Or preform certain tasks
Examples: SAT, ACT (American College Testing) , GRE (Graduate Record Exam)
Achievement Tests:
“Measures what a person has learned in a particular area”

49. New Ways of Viewing Intelligence (cont.)
Reflective Intelligence: Ability to become aware of one’s own thinking habits
Metacognitive Skills: Ability to manage one’s own thinking and problem solving efforts
Cattell + Spearman (factors of intelligence)
Found 2 types of intelligence
Fluid Intelligence- basic power of reasoning and problem solving
Crystallized Intelligence- specific knowledge