1. Chapter 11 Intelligence

2. Quiz
An operational definition is the operations (actions or procedures) used to measure a concept
Reliability is the ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure
Validity is the ability of a test to yield to the same score, or very nearly the same score, each time it’s given to the same person.
An average IQ score in the U.S., is 100, with below 70 being mentally retarded and above 130 being highly intelligent.
Culture fair test is a test designed to maximize the importance of culturally specific knowledge.

3. Defining Intelligence
What is the best definition of intelligence?
How can we define it outside of IQ scores? How are people in here intelligent?
Global capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment
Operational Definition: Operations used to measure a concept
For example: How do you and your friends define “good looking?” Or “alcoholic”?

4. Intelligence Recognition
Who is the smartest person you’ve ever known?
How would they score on an IQ test?
How smart is your PSY 202 teacher?
As a class, write an intelligence test I would fail. Each group can contribute two questions

5. More Definitions Aptitude: Capacity for learning certain abilities
Special Aptitudes Test: Predicts whether you will succeed in a certain area
Multiple Aptitude Test: Test that measures two or more abilities
General Intelligence Test: Test that measures a wide variety of mental abilities
S.A.T.’s, Career Assessment

6. Figure 11.1: Special aptitude tests measure a person’s potential for achievement in a limited area of ability, such as manual dexterity. Multiple aptitude tests measure potentials in broader areas, such as college work, law, or medicine. Intelligence tests measure a very wide array of aptitudes and mental abilities.
Fig. 11-1, p. 364

7. Sample questions like those found on tests of mechanical aptitude
Sample questions like those found on tests of mechanical aptitude. (The answers are A and the Driver.)
Figure 11.2: Sample questions like those found on tests of mechanical aptitude. (The answers are A and the Driver.)
Fig. 11-2, p. 364

8. Reliability
Reliability: A reliable test should give the same score (or close to it) each time the same person takes it
Test-Retest: Give test to a large group, then give exactly the same test to same group later
Split-Half: Making sure scores on one-half of a test match the scores on the other half

9. Validity
Validity: Ability of a test to measure what it is purported to measure
Criterion Validity: Comparing test scores to actual performance
Comparing SAT to college grades

10. More Information Ages: Chronological Age: Person’s age in years
Mental Age: Average intellectual performance
Norms: Average score for a designated group of people
Intelligence Quotient: Intelligence index; mental age divided by chronological age, then multiplied by 100
Average IQ in the USA is 100

11. More IQ Terms
Deviation IQ: Scores based on a person’s relative standing in his or her age group; how far above or below average a person’s score is, relative to other scores
IQ scores are not very dependable until a child reaches age 6
Terminal Decline: Abrupt decline in measured IQ about 5 years before death

12. Normal (Bell-Shaped) Curve
Most scores fall close to the average, and very few are found at the extremes

14. IQ Research
Men and women do not appear to differ in overall intelligence
A strong correlation (about .50) exists between IQ and school grades
Having a high IQ (usually above 130) or special talents or abilities (playing Mozart at age 5)
Research shows it’s not important to have a super high IQ to do something amazing, just high enough. IT’S MORE IMPORTANT TO WORK HARD THAN TO BE “SMART”

15. Person Centered Language
Referring to someone as a diagnosis: “retarded” or “schizophrenic” is not respectful and does not imply value to who they are as a person
Example: referring to people by hair color, body type or interest
“Who was that intelligent, charismatic person you were talking to in the last psychology class?”
“Oh, you mean The blonde?”

16. Mental Retardation (or Developmental Disabilities): Some Definitions
Presence of a developmental disability and an IQ score below 70; a significant impairment of adaptive behavior also figures into the definition
Adaptive Behavior: Basic skills such as dressing, eating, working, hygiene; necessary for self-care

17. Mental Retardation Categories
Mild: IQ of 55-70
Moderate: IQ of 40-55
Severe: IQ of 25-40
Profound: IQ less than 25

19. Familial Retardation
Mild mental retardation that occurs in homes that have inadequate nutrition, intellectual stimulation, medical care, and emotional support
Due to environmental causes

20. Organic Causes of Mental Retardation
Related to physical disorders
Birth Injuries: Lack of oxygen during delivery
Fetal Damage: Prenatal damage from disease, infection, or drug use
Metabolic Disorders: Disorder in metabolism; affects energy use and production in the body
Genetic Abnormalities: Abnormality in the genes, such as missing genes, extra genes, or defective genes

21. More Organic Causes of Mental Retardation
Microcephaly: Head and brain are abnormally small; brain is forced to develop in a limited space
Hydrocephaly: Buildup of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles (brain cavities); pressure can enlarge the head and damage the brain

22. Down Syndrome Data
Down Syndrome: Genetic disorder caused by presence of extra chromosome (usually on the 21st pair; trisomy 21); results in mental retardation and shorter life span
Does not run in the family
Older a woman is, greater the risk to produce a Down’s child
Older fathers may also contribute (about 25% of the time)
No cure, but is detectable before birth

23. Heredity and Environment
Eugenics: Selective Breeding for desirable characteristics
Fraternal Twins: Twins conceived from two separate eggs
Identical twins: Twins who develop from a single egg and have identical genes

24. New Ways of Viewing Intelligence
Speed of Processing: Brain’s speed and efficiency; how fast you and your brain can process information
Inspection Time: Amount of time a person must look at a stimulus to make a correct judgment about it
Neural Intelligence: Speed and efficiency of the brain or nervous system; innate
Experiential Intelligence: Specialized knowledge and skills acquired over time

25. Stimuli like those used in inspection time tasks.
Figure 11.9:
Fig. 11-9, p. 379

26. Gardner’s Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences
Language: Used for thinking by lawyers, writers, comedians
Logic and Math: Used by scientists, accountants, programmers
Visual and Spatial Thinking: Used by engineers, inventors, aviators
Music: Used by composers, musicians, music critics

27. Gardner’s Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences Continued
Bodily-Kinesthetic Skills: Used by dancers, athletes, surgeons
Intrapersonal Skills (Self-Knowledge): Used by poets, actors, ministers
Interpersonal Skills (Social Abilities): Used by psychologists, teachers, politicians
Naturalistic Skills (Ability to Understand Natural Environment): Used by biologists, organic farmers

28. A Different Type of Intelligence Test
Is it possible to develop a culture free test? What would it look like?
What is the next best thing?
Culture-Fair Test: Test designed to minimize importance of skills and knowledge that may be more common in some cultures than in others

29. Conclusion
Many researchers believe that intelligence is a combination of heredity (genes) and environment (upbringing); contributing percentage of each is not known yet
And that there is no fair way to measure general intelligence in different subject areas in a culturally sensitive manner

30. Answers to Miller Analogy Test
Kitten
Herd
Show
Light
Door
Quart
fruit
Floor
Trees
Dust
Deaf
Sap
finished 81
Author
Cuff
Seed
Sparrow
19. Chairperson
20. 48
21. Betray
22. Rim
23. Client
24. Vice
25. L
26. Wednesday
27. Laziness
28. Create
29. Surface
30. run