Energy

On your poster What is it? Brief history How is it produced/extracted/harnessed? How is it used? The types Diagram of how it works

Energy Concepts Forms of Energy Units Laws

Forms of Energy Mechanical: (potential and kinetic) Thermal: heat (vibration/movement of particles within a substance.) Chemical: stored in bonds Electrical: motion of electrons Nuclear: stored in nuclei of atoms and is released by either splitting or joining the atoms. Electromagnetic: energy that travels by waves

Units Energy provides power to do work…so… Work is defined as a force exerted over a distance and power is the rate of flow of energy or the rate at which work is done. Newton: force needed to accelerate 1 kg by 1 m/sec Joule: the amount of work accomplished when a force of 1 newton is performed over 1 m or 1 ampre per second travels 1 ohm. Watt: 1 joule/sec kWh: 1000 watts exerted in 1 hour Calorie: Joules 1 barrel of oil: 42 gallons

Laws of Thermodynamics First Law: energy can be neither created or destroyed. It is simply transported or changed into another form. Ex: sunlight to chemical energy Second Law: The universe tends to entropy. Most of energy in tropic levels is lost as heat.

The Effects of Converting Energies One of the biggest concerns is the amount of energy used to refine and produce energy into useable forms. ◦Example: when coal is used to produce electricity, nearly 65% of the original energy is lost during thermal conversion at the power plant. Another 10% is lost in electrical transmission and voltage changes for household use. ◦Still not convinced; about 75 % of oil’s original energy is lost during distillation into gasoline and other fuels, transportation to market, storage and engine combustion. ◦Okay, still more: natural gas has much less waste since it needs little refining. It is transported through underground pipelines and burned with 75-95% efficiency. It also contains more hydrogen-carbon atoms (1/2 less than coal and oil) reducing CO2 which reduces Global Warming.

ENERGY SOURCES OF THE WORLD!

Renewable resources can be replenished at a comparable rate to the rate of consumption. Energy sources like hydroelectric power, solar energy, and wind power are considered “perpetual resources” because they run no risk of depletion. ENERGY SOURCES OF THE WORLD!

Nonrenewable resources are energy sources like petroleum, propane, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy that take millions of years to form and cannot be regenerated in a short period of time. ENERGY SOURCES OF THE WORLD!

HYDROELECTRIC POWER is generated when flowing water turns turbines to run generators that convert energy into electricity. renewable No emissions Reliable Capable of generating large amounts of power Output can be regulated to meet demand Environmental impacts by changing the environment Hydroelectric dams are expensive to build Dams may be affected by drought Potential for floods ch?v=rnPEtwQtmGQ

NUCLEAR ENERGY is generated in reactors, when nuclear fuel fission heats water, and the steam turns turbines to run the generators that convert energy into electricity. nonrenewa ble No greenhouse gases or C0 2 emissions Efficiently transforms energy into electricity Uranium reserves are abundant Refueled yearly Higher capital costs Problem of long-term storage of radioactive waste Heated waste water from nuclear plants harms aquatic life Potential nuclear proliferation issue Gj_aJz7cTs

Lets brainstorm what we remember about atoms and unstable atoms…

Each half-life, the amount of atoms gets cut in half.

One half-life.

Two half-lives.

Three half-lives.

Four half-lives.

Don’t worry about the last atom. You start with so many trillions that you never really get there. (It will just decay and then they’re all gone.)

Now lets work a problem A 48 gram sample of a radioactive element was formed in a 1960 explosion of an atomic bomb at Johnson Island in the Pacific Test Site. The half-life of the radioactive element is 28 years. How much of this element will remain after 112 years? An element has a half-life of 29 hours. If 100 mg of the element decays over a period of 58 hours, how many mg of the element will remain?

Hubbert’s Peak Proposed by King M. Hubbert Indicates that the peak production has already occurred. Some scientists disagree (we have another decade) The importance = we need to find other sources.

COAL is formed from trees and plants in vast primeval forests, when heat and pressure turned decayed matter into coal. Coal is a part of the fossil fuels family. nonrenewa ble Abundant supply Currently inexpensive to extract Reliable and capable of generating large amounts of power Emits major greenhouse gases and acid rain High environmental impact from mining and burning Mining can be dangerous for miners h?v=SeXG8K5_UvU

PETROLEUM is formed from animals and plants that lived millions of years ago when heat and pressure turned decayed matter into crude oil. nonrenewa ble Transportation fuel for the world Basis of many products, from prescription drugs to plastics Economical to produce, easy to transport High C0 2 emissions Found in limited areas Supply may be exhausted before natural gas/coal resources Possible environmental impact from drilling and transporting ?v=RJ8FxYLBxLo ?v=RJ8FxYLBxLo

Oil sand Sedimentary rock that contains bitumen (a hydrocarbon). Process to extract- ◦Surface mine heat refine (just like oil)

NATURAL GAS consists primarily of methane but includes significant quantities of ethane, butane, propane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen sulfide. nonrenewab le Widely available Burns more cleanly than coal or oil Often used in combination with other fuels to decrease pollution in electricity generation Added artificial odor that people can easily smell the gas in case of a leak Transportation costs are high Burns cleanly, but still has emissions Pipelines impact ecosystems ?v=4NxN6PmxlBM

The Dark Side Fukushima: 2011 Earthquake/Tsunami caused meltdown of nuclear power plant. Exxon Valdez in the Prince William Sound. Three Mile Island: Biggest Nuclear disaster in US (Only partial meltdown) Chernobyl: Ukraine: Worst nuclear disaster in the world. Chernobyl: Ukraine: Worst nuclear disaster in the world. Santa Barbara: site of coastal oil spill in 1969

FRQ TIME!!!!!!

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY is generated by heat in the earth’s core. It is found underground by drilling steam wells (like oil drilling). There is a global debate as to whether geothermal energy is renewable or nonrenewable. Minimal environmental impact Efficient Power plants have low emissions Low cost after the initial investment Geothermal fields found in few areas around the world Expensive start-up costs Wells could eventually be depleted h?v=uVDBRQvBVso renewable nonrenewable

SOLAR ENERGY is generated when photovoltaic (PV) cells convert heat from the sun directly into electricity. renewabl e Nonpolluting Most abundant energy source available Systems last 15–30 years High initial investment Dependent on sunny weather Supplemental energy may be needed in low sunlight areas Requires large physical space for PV cell panels

WIND POWER is generated when wind turns turbines to run the generators that convert energy into electricity, which is then stored in batteries. renewable No emissions Affordable Little disruption of ecosystems Relatively high output Output is proportional to wind speed Not feasible for all geographical locations High initial investment Extensive land use

HYDROGEN is found in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, or coal. Hydrogen fuel is a byproduct of chemically-mixing hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat. It’s stored in a “cell” or battery. renewable Abundant supply Water vapor emissions only Excellent industrial safety record More expensive to produce than fossil fuel Systems Currently uses a large amount of fossil fuels in the hydrogen extraction process Storage and fuel cell technology still being developed

PROPANE is produced as a byproduct from natural gas processing and crude oil refining. It burns hotter and more evenly than other fuels. nonrenewa ble Yields 60–70% less smog- producing hydrocarbons than gasoline/diesel fuel or propane exhaust Nontoxic and insoluble in water Doesn’t spill, pool, or leave a residue Uses some fossil fuels in conversion Highly flammable Less energy in a gallon of propane than in a gallon of gasoline or diesel fuel

BIOMASS is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, recycled restaurant greases, and other byproducts of plant, agricultural, and forestry processing or industrial and human waste products. renewable Abundant supply Fewer emissions than fossil fuel sources Can be used in diesel engines Auto engines can easily be converted to run on biomass fuel Source must be near usage to cut transportation costs Emits some pollution Increases nitrogen oxides, an air pollutant emissions Uses some fossil fuels in conversion

ETHANOL is a subset of biomass that is manufactured from alcohols, ethers, esters, and other chemicals extracted from plant and tree residue. It can be made from corn, sugar, wheat, and barley. Easily manufactured Fewer emissions than fossil fuel Carbon-neutral (C0 2 emissions offset by photosynthesis in plants) Extensive use of cropland Less energy in a gallon of ethanol than in a gallon of gasoline or diesel fuel Costs more than gasoline to produce Currently requires government subsidy to be affordable to consumers

ENERGY SOURCES OF THE WORLD!

Energy Efficiency vs. Conservation

Technology that requires less energy to perform the same function. Any behavior that results in the use of less energy. Energy Star AppliancesStar Two degree adjustment of your thermostat (prevent 500 lbs of carbon) Programable themostats Using an insulation with an R value of 26 or greater. Weather strips Windows with a low U value ( 1.1 bad and.22 good) Strategically placing trees and shurbs Use CFL’s (compact florescent light bulbs) (260 lbs a year) Low flow showerheads Showers instead of baths Fix leaking faucets Cold to wash clothes Lower the temperature of your water heater Combine errands Turn off engines Have your car serviced Keep tires inflated to recommended amount Don’t : accelerate quickly, travel at high speeds, (lowers efficiency by 15%, Recycle

Personal Energy Inventory

How much Energy?!?!?! harts harts

What about worldwide usage???