Teaching Pronunciation to Adult Learners of Foreign Languages Robin Worth, PhD WISLI Pedagogy Workshop June 8, 2011

Objectives for Today’s Workshop 1.Weigh the importance of “accurate” pronunciation and reasonable expectations. 2.Consider various techniques for improving students’ pronunciation. 3.Examine pronunciation materials from ESL. 4.Identify pronunciation issues in your TL; develop some materials to address 1 or 2 issues. 5.Apply your materials and gain feedback. 6.Consider/refine/further develop your own approach to teaching pronunciation.

Reflection/Discussion Question Can you think of an instance where mispronunciation brought about confusion, embarrassment, or some other type of problem? – Example from Italian: How old are you? (literally: How many years do you have?) = Quanti anni hai?

Issues pertaining to Pronunciation Spectrum of Comprehensibility Incomprehensible Native Speaker L1 inventory (+ age, critical period) and “interference” Affect (embarrassment, nervousness, etc.) Relationship between spoken language and written language. Phonological representation, “spelling”, etc. Text: L1 vs L2 script

Brief intro/refresher on phonology SEGMENTS: (discrete sounds) Vowels Consonants SUPRASEGMENTALS: (tone, stress, prosody, nasalization, etc.) The “music” of a language – Stress patterns – emphasis and reduction (“rhythm”) – Intonation – pitch rise and fall (“melody”) Linking, voicing, assimilation, aspiration, etc.

Vowels & Consonants Let’s take a 5-minute break. During the break please think about vowel and consonant sounds in your Target Language (TL) that speakers of American English tend to have problems with.

Techniques for teaching pronunciation Awareness and consciousness raising – Calling attention to pronunciation – having explicit conversations about its importance. – Day 1 “preliminary chapter” vs. continued attention. – Coaching, modeling (you as the “Proficient L2 User”), motivation. – Raised awareness tends to lead to more careful listening, “noticing.”

Techniques: Exercises and Activities Mechanical and decontextualized exercises – Examples: sound formation drills repeating words and other forms of high-frequency use and practice – Pros: Intense focus on a sound or sound Raises awareness – Cons: Integrating with certain communicative approaches to FL teaching and learning?

Techniques: Exercises and Activities Distinction activities – Typically involves listening for and/or producing the differences among minimal pairs (bath vs. beth) – Pros: Can be more contextualized than drills and sound repetitions Integrates target sound with other sounds Can be “communicative” to some extent – Cons: Focus on a particular sound may be somewhat reduced. Is “meaning” being negotiated?

Techniques: Exercises and Activities Gap and other meaning-based activities – Grids, maps and other partner/group activities that rely on pronunciation, usually involving minimal pairs, to solve a problem, or communicate something. – Pros: Quite contextualized Integrates target sound with (all) other sounds Can be very “communicative” – Cons: Focus on a particular sound may be very reduced. Is “meaning” being negotiated?

Techniques: Exercises and Activities Readings, recitations or impromptu language production – Can be recorded or done face-to-face. – Recordings can be submitted or used for self- or peer- evaluation. – Material can be prepared (practiced) or unprepared (on the spot). – Can be used as a diagnostic tool to identify pronunciation problems, or as an evaluated activity. – Examples: Lists of words, a paragraph or other passage, that contains examples of one or more pronunciation-related elements of focus. Responding to a prompt, such as an opinion question, that will elicit certain types of language, sounds, etc.

Techniques: Exercises and Activities Readings, recitations or impromptu language production – Pros: Can be very mechanical to quite meaningful. Can potentially integrates target sound(s) with (all) other sounds and other features of language (vocabulary, grammar, etc.) Allows for individualized diagnosis and/or evaluation. – Cons: Time-consuming, though doing them regularly reduces time needed. Recording and submitting requires technology. Is “meaning” being negotiated?

Materials ESL industry Different pronunciation features, but the types of activities may be useful. Inspiration for materials development.

Small group work – same / similar languages Identify relevant “problem” sounds for your language(s). Share tricks/techniques you used or heard of for teaching these sounds. Together, develop a brief and simple activity or lesson for one of your “problem sounds” to present to the rest of the class. You’ll need to choose a “reporter” to present your activity. You won’t actually “teach” this lesson / activity, you will simply describe it to the others.

Exercise Sharing / Reporting Reporters: Don’t teach the activity, describe it. Audience: in the interest of time, please offer any constructive feedback in writing to the activity creator(s).

Lunch Break We will reconvene at 1 pm. During your lunch break, you may want to consider how you might improve or extend the activity you developed.

Suprasegmentals Intonation – Example: the “Music of English” Exc u se me. Where’s the b a nk?

Suprasegmentals Rhythm and stress patterns: – Rubber band exercise – Emphasizing content words What are you studying? Economics. What about you? – Indicating stressed syllables What are you studying?

Suprasegmentals Contractions and Reductions – Careful speech vs. “quick” speech “What are you studying?” vs. “Whaddya studyin?” – Typically stressed for receptive, not necessarily productive, purposes.

Suprasegmentals Assimilation – The sound at the end of one word blends into the sound of the beginning of the next word Hot potato = hoppotato.

Suprasegmentals Aspiration – The burst of air accompanying certain consonant sounds. Many consonants can be aspirated or unaspirated, and in certain languages, these are separate phonemes. Example: Where do you /p = /ark? – American English speakers tend to use heavy aspiration. Candle/tissue/hand exercise.

Suprasegmentals Linking (usually the end sound of one word to the beginning sound of the following word). – Example: when the vowel sounds /i y /, /a y / or /e y / link with a following vowel, the vowel sounds are connected by the off-glide / y /. We agree: We y agree. I often say a lot: I y often say y a lot.

Activities for Suprasegmentals Same categories as the segments, but focusing on these features. Paradox: suprasegmentals are often MORE impactful on comprehensibility than segment issues, but are also HARDER to learn.

Small group work – same/similar languages Create another pronunciation mini-activity, focusing on a vowel, consonant or a suprasegmental. Make sure your mini-activity can be done in 5 minutes or less. After the break, we will regroup into small groups of dissimilar languages, and you will practice teach your mini-activity to your new group. Afterwards, you will reflect and your “students” will give you feedback, which you will report to your original group.

Feedback on your practice teaching “Students” – let the “teacher” know… – how it went for you. – what might have been done differently. “Teachers” – reflect on… – whether it went as you predicted, – what any problems were that you or the “students” encountered. – how it could be improved.

Return to small groups of same/similar languages Compare the feedback you received on your activity: – How did it go? – How did “students” do? – What reflections do you have? – What feedback did students give? – How might you improve this activity?

Final activity Groups can continue to collaborate on developing activities, materials, etc. Robin is available for consultation, feedback to those who are interested.

Questions? Robin Worth This powerpoint presentation will be available online for downloading on the SASLI website. Thank you!