Chapter 1: Exploration and the Colonial Era 1

Journal Write a brief dialogue that might have taken place among the Native Americans observing the European ship. 2

Ancient Cultures in the Americas 20,000 B.C. a land bridge exists between Asia and Alaska across Bering Straight 8,000 B.C. temperatures warm -> agriculture develops -> people plant crops in Mexico Ancient American societies Olmec in southern Mexico (1200 B.C.-400 B.C.) Maya in Guatemala (A.D. 250 – 900 A.D.) Aztecs in Mexico (1200 – 1500s) Inca dominate west coast of S. America (1200 – 1500s) Built cities and ceremonial centers, empires, 3

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Native American Societies of the 1400s Hohokam and the Anasazi introduce crops (corn, beans, squash) into American S. West northern Cali = Nootka hunt ocean for whales New Mexico + Arizona = Pueblo tribes grow corn + beans -> live in multi- story adobe houses NY = Iroquois hunt deer and bears 5

Common Characteristics Land was not to be sold Extensive trade routes Cultures suited for their environment Natural world is filled with spirits Basic unit of organization = family Birth, marriage, death guided by tradition 6

West African Societies of the 1400s 600 – 1600 dominant empires = Ghana, Mali, Songhai Control of trans-Sahara trade Kingdoms of Benin and Kongo Strong govts., powerful rulers, collective ownership of land Importance of family, tradition and belief in one creator 7

West African Societies of the 1400s Timbuktu, center of trading network that connects W. Africa to ports in N. Africa Islam brought by traders from N. African traders Portuguese set up trading posts in W. Africa 8

Assignment: Ch. 1 Sec. 1 PeopleAchievements Ancient Americans Native Americans West Africans Define and explain the significance of the following: Beringia land bridge, Anasazi, Pueblo, Songhai 9

Journal You are the ruler of Portugal in the 1400s. Your gold mines are running low and you are concerned about the growing power of your European rivals. You need the resources available in India. What are you going to do? 10

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European Societies of the 1400s 1. Monarchs and aristocrats (land owners) 2. Clergy (members of the church) 3. Agricultural laborers (peasants) Merchants and artisans could achieve some mobility 12

European Societies of the 1400s Western Europe = Christianity Pope + bishops of Catholic church = political power 1096 – Crusades – Christian armies try to force Muslims out of Jerusalem Asian trade routes are opened Many nobles die or lose money -> monarchs become more powerful 13

European Societies of the 1400s 1500s – people want change Reformation – church practices + the pope are criticized Protestants support the Reformation -> seek religious freedom Catholics do not Competition between Spain, Portugal, France, and England for exploration 14

European Societies of the 1400s The Renaissance = the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe Encouraged people to think for themselves Explorers are encouraged to seek adventure and conquest Gutenberg’s printing press helps spread ideas 15

European Societies of the 1400s Map making improves Compass and astrolabe are improved Europeans need a water route to Asia Monarchs need money to finance large armies Portuguese explorers reach India -> sail around bottom of Africa 16

Assignment #2 Section 1 1. How did the following factors contribute to overseas expansion? Hierarchical society Catholic church Reformation Renaissance Sailing technology 2. Why do you think other European nations lagged behind Portugal in overseas expansion? 3. What effects did Portuguese trade have on West Africa? 17

Section 2: Spanish North America 18

Journal How would it feel to venture into the unknown, where there are no accounts from someone who has gone before, no maps, and no assurance of ever coming back? 19

Columbus Crosses the Atlantic 1492 – Columbus sails west to find a route to Asia He reaches Hispaniola and Cuba Thinks he lands on islands off Asia (Indies) Returns a year later + colonizes islands for Spain Natives, Taino, are forced onto plantations European diseases and weapons destroy native pop. West African slaves replace them (10 million) 20

Columbus Crosses the Atlantic 1,000s of Europeans want a new life in the Americas 1494 – Spain + Portugal sign Treaty of Tordesillas -> Western Hemisphere is divided 21

Columbus Crosses the Atlantic 22

The Spanish Claim a New Empire Conquistadors, explorers from Spain, conquer most of Americas Hernando Cortes takes over Aztecs and their leader Montezuma with 508 men 23

Journal 1. What movements/events contributed to Europeans feeling more confident about exploring? 2. Why are West African slaves brought into the Americas? 3. Which two countries divided the Western Hemisphere? 4. Name two things that went through the Columbian exchange? 5. Who conquered the Aztecs? 24

The Spanish Pattern of Conquest Mestizo – mixed Spanish and Native American pop. Encomienda – natives farm + mine for Spanish landlords Spanish priests complain Ends in

The Spanish Pattern of Conquest New Spain Pizarro conquers Inca Empire Mexico, Guatemala, parts of Central America + Caribbean, and the U.S. 26

Spain Explores the Southwest and West Coronado leaves -> no gold Why would the Spanish return? 27

Spain Explores the Southwest and West Gov. of New Mexico helps build 1,800-mile trail (El Camino Real) from Sante Fe to Mexico City Catholic missions are established in 1682 in El Paso, Texas 1542 – Cabrillo discovers San Diego harbor By 1823 – 21 missions in Cali. are built and protected by forts (presidios) Spread Catholicism and protect Spain’s holdings from other European nations 28

Resistance to the Spanish Native Americans had to convert to Christianity, live in the missions, away from their families, work on the farms or in mines, wear European clothes, and pay a tribute Pueblo religious leader, Pope, organizes 17,000 Native Americans and drives the Spanish out of New Mexico for 12 years 29

“The best are good for nothing, and I will not go where there is chance of meeting one of them.” -Hatuey, Native American who resisted the Spanish 30

Results European influence spread into present-day Cali., Texas, N. Mexico Some Native Americans convert to Catholicism Some resisted 31

Section 3 – Early British Colonies 32

The English Settle at Jamestown John Smith establishes first permanent English colony in North America in Jamestown, Virginia (1607) Indentured servants – passage to America if they work for 4-7 years Enslaved Africans received land and freedom More space for tobacco fields leads to fights with the N. Americans Free indentured white servants rebel against local govt. 33

Puritans Create a “New England” Pilgrims (Puritans who want to separate from Catholic Church) establish 2 nd permanent English colony in Plymouth, Mass. (1620) Puritans establish Massachusetts Bay Colony and are led by John Winthrop Roger Williams establishes a colony in Providence, Rhode Island with religious freedom War between N. Americans and colonists (King Philip’s War) 34

Settlement of the Middle Colonies New Amsterdam (1625) taken over by English in 1644 and renamed New York William Penn, Quaker, establishes Pennsylvania in 1682 with a representative govt. and freedom of religion 35

England and Its Colonies Prosper 13 colonies created from 1600s – 1700s Colonies exported lumber + furs to England and bought manufactured goods from England Mercantilism – a nation can become powerful if it sells more goods than it buys 36