1 Translation as Social Action Catherine Way AVANTI Research Group Universidad de Granada

2 Traditional role of the translator

3 More recent role of the translator

4 So what is translation and social action? Political agendas?

5 Previous literature Nida 1945 Evan-Zohar 1990 Zlateva 1993 Robyns 1994 Kiraly 1995 Venuti 1995 Robinson 1997 Hermanns 1997 Bassnett 1998 Holmes 1998 Lefevere 1998 Simeoni 1998 Gouanvic 1999, 2005 Pym 1998 Toury 1999 Wolf 1999,, 2002, 2003 Gentzler/Tymozco 2002 Wolf 2006 Pym, Shlesinger, Jettmarová 2006

6 Examples Monzó 2002 Way 2003, 2005 Molina Gutiérrez 2005

7 A dual perspective Researching translation Translators as expert intercultural part of society communicators

8 General objective (Way2003,2005) Describe and analyse the translation of degree certificates from a socio- translational perspective in order to analyse the role of the sworn translator in this social process.

9 Model adapted from Fairclough (1992) Social practice Discursive practice (production, distribution, consumption) Text Translation

10 A new research model: level 1 1. Study of the social context surrounding the production of a given text type in two cultures and languages 2. Study of the social context in which the text will be received in the Target Culture (recognition of degrees)  3. Study of the context which surrounds and governs their translation in Spain  4. Compilation of a corpus of complete authentic texts in two languages

11 A new research model: level 2 5. Analysis of the macrostructures of the texts comprising the corpus 6. Selection of two typical texts 7. Selection of a universe of subjects 8. Request for the translation (A-B/B-A) by practising sworn translators (authentic brief) 9. Completion of a questionnaire by the sworn translators

12 A new research model: level Analysis translated texts 11. Analysis data from questionnaire 12. Study of reception of the translated texts and their efficacy 13. Description current practices/ proposal of alternatives

13 Fulfilment of objectives Description social context of production and reception Description social process requiring translation Relations with authorities - mistrust Lack of awareness role of sworn translator Analysis profession sworn translator Lack of guidelines Little socialisation Limited contact social agents

14 Molina Gutiérrez, Macarena 2005 Functional Analysis of the Schengen Visa Application Forms

15 Translation as Social Action Catherine Way AVANTI Research Group Universidad de Granada

16 Why degree certificates? Mobility Free movement Lack of research

17 Difficulties Compilation of corpus Unawareness of authorities Mistrust Lack of finance Disperse bibliography

18 Fulfilment of objectives (1) Production of degree certficates Description production degrees Description social context of production and reception Outline possible macrostructure

19 Fulfilment of objectives (2) Social context requiring translation Description social process requiring translation Relations with authorities

20 Fulfilment of objectives (3) Translation context Lack of awareness role of sworn translator Mistrust from authorities Analysis profession sworn translator Lack of guidelines

21 Fulfilment of objectives (4) Situation sworn translators Young, predominantly female profession A-B translation Little socialisation Market for degree certificates Limited contact social agents

22 Fulfilment of objectives (5) Analysis translations Specific formats Physical medium Certification Translation strategies applied

23 Fulfilment of objectives (6) Contact agents Little contact authorities/Ministry Client

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26 Universe of subjects

27 Sample size and response rate

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31 Previous studies

32 Format T1

33 Format T2

34 Proposed strategies: degree Searls-Ridge (1999) Loan + Translator’s note with a literal translation or brief explanation Fletcher (2000) Loan + explicative translation Elena (2001) Literal translation Mayoral (1991, 1994) Loan + definition Romans (1996) Loan Way (1997) Loan + [definition]

35 Degrees T1 Bachelor of Arts with Honours T2 Licenciado en Derecho

36 Translation of Bachelor of Arts

37 Definitions of B.A.

38 Definitions of level

39 Definitions of duration

40 Translation of with Honours

41 Translation of Licenciado en Derecho

42 Definitions of Licenciado en Derecho

43 Definitions of level

44 Definitions of duration

45 Proposed strategies: marks Searls-Ridge (1999) Translator’s note including key to marks Fletcher (2000) Equivalence in TC + (Loan) Elena (2001) Explicative Translator’s note corresponding to the marks in text Mayoral (1991, 1994) Loan + approximate mark in TC Mayoral (since 1994) Loan + approximate % mark + pass mark Romans (1996) Loan + key to marks (if in OT) Way (1997) Loan + [approximate % mark] + scale of marks

46 Translation of First Class

47 Classification of definitions of marks Descriptive: describes assessment system + scale of marks Evaluative: evaluates mark on a scale Valuational: evaluates mark without scale Equivalent: offers equivalence in TC Defining: defines First Class as a mark

48 Definitions of First Class