Kashafrud River (Mashhad) Basin GWADI PILOT BASIN Facing Challenges and Problems and Short Progress report

Geographical Location of Kashafrod Basin Catchments Area : km2 Mean annual rainfall : 275 mm Altitude Max: 3302 Mean: 1328 Min: 390 Total Population in Basin: 3 Million Renewable water per capita: 370 m3/capita/year

2.5 million population (> 15 million tourists per year)Mashhad

Mashhad city 1972 Area : 15 km 2, Pop. : 0.55 million

Mashhad city 1986 Area : 50 km 2, Pop. : 1.5 million

Mashhad city 2006 Area : 170 km 2, Pop. : 2.6 million

Population growth in Kashafrud basin

Land Use in Kashafrud River Basin PercentageLand Use 17.5Mountains 60Pasture 22 (Irrigated Lands = 10) Agriculture 0.5Urban Area

Surface Water Torogh Kardeh Ardak Shandiz Mah nesa Kashafrod Mean Annual runoff : 250 MCM Used Water : 205 MCM Outflow : 45 MCM

Olang-Asadee Hydrometric station Mean Annual Runoff ( ) : 44 MCM Mean Annual Runoff ( ) : 18 MCM Min Annual Runoff : 0 MCM Max Annual Run off : 108 MCM Pole-Khaton Hydrometric station Mean Annual Runoff ( ) : 76 MCM Mean Annual Runoff ( ) : 44 MCM Min Annual Runoff : 0 MCM Max Annual Run off : 214 MCM There is no more surface water to control

Kashafrud basin Groundwater Resources Ground water recharge : 945 MCM/year Ground water exploitation : 1145 MCM/year Ground water deficit : -200 MCM/year W.L. Drawdown from 1963 to 1973 : 7 m (0.7 m/year) W.L. Drawdown from 1974 to 2002 : 33 m (1.2 m/year)

Mashhad Plain Groundwater Exploitation 1971

Mashhad Plain Groundwater Exploitation 4.6 x 10 9 m 3 Over-exploitation

Mashhad Plain Groundwater Exploitation 4.6 x 10 9 m 3 Over-exploitation 2.5 x 10 9 m 3 Over-exploitation

Year 1972 Irrigated Area : 100,000 ha Percentage of Cereals on crop patterns: 72 Agricultural Development in Kashafrud Basin

Year 1986 Irrigated Area : 115,000 ha Percentage of Cereals on crop patterns : 66 Agricultural Development in Kashafrud Basin

Year 2006 Irrigated Area : 130,000 ha Percentage of Cereals on crop patterns : 55 Agricultural Development in Kashafrud Basin

Kashafrud basin water uses in Agriculture Surface water Use : 190 MCM Groundwater Use : 850 MCM Irrigation efficiency : 45 – 50 % Crop water use : 8000 m3 /ha/year Total irrigated area : ha Cropping pattern : Cereals 55% Orchards 19% Vegetables 21% Industrial crops 5%

Mashhad water supply and future requirement Surface water : 15 MCM Groundwater resources : 220 MCM Future Inter-Basin Transfer: 150 MCM

Kashafrud basin water allotment Surface water resources : 205 MCM Groundwater resources : 1145 MCM

Challenges and problems Surface water control : more than 80% (There is no more surface water to control) Groundwater table drawdown : more than 1 m/year Land subsidence Rapid population and water demand growth Surface and ground water pollution Sectarian water resource management

The Solution IWRM With focus on Participatory Decision Making and Water Demand Management

Time Stages in IWRM Implementation Short Term (3 Years) Crisis Mitigation Mid Term (5 Years) Environmental degradation control Long Term (Continuously) Environmental enhancement and sustainable management of the water resources

CRICESS MITIGATION Urgent solution for “MASHHAD” water scarce problem Planning and conducting, IWRM related studies Establishment of the temporary basin management structure Initiate stakeholders participatory mechanism on IWRM

Urgent solution for “MASHHAD” water scarce problem About 30% water scare happened In summer of 2006 More than 100 wells drilled or developed (safe for next five years, till the inter basin water supply project “Doosti” be operational). Special efforts for closing unregistered water wells.

Planning and conducting, IWRM related studies A well known consult engineer has nominated. The main items of his scope of work are : Development of a basin-wide water knowledge database Quantitative and qualitative assessment of existing water resources Evaluating present consumption and future demands, related to different sectors Water demand management plan Preparing : – EAP – DSS – Monitoring & Evaluation System Preparing strategies guidelines for IWRM (Mid & Long Term)

Establishment of a temporary Kashafrud basin management structure Proposed managing structure: Management Unit Ministry of Energy Khorasan Water Authority UNESCO Tehran Office Executive Board Steering Committee Technical Advisory Committee Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Consultants Water Council province State Water Authority company Agriculture Authority organization razavi Water and Wastewater Company Environmental Organization Industry & Mines Organization (NGO) Mashhad City Council (NGO) Farmers House (NGO) Other NGOs

Initiate stakeholders participatory mechanism on IWRM By Holding Workshops Regarding IWRM Objectives in the Basin:  September 2005 : Introduction to Mashhad basin as an pilot plan  September 2007: Mashhad basin IWRM and participatory decision mocking  Workshops on IWRM objectives every six month

Key issues for research projects on kashafrud basin Overall existing irrigation efficiency at basin level Irrigation water productivity in basin

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