1. WATER ISSUES IN THE EASTERN EUROPE:
Impact Of Climate Change On Water Resources,
Vulnerability And Adaptation To Climate Change
5TH WORLD WATER FORUM REGIONAL MEETING
July 03-04, 2008,
Skopje- MACEDONIA

2. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

3. TÜRKİYE’S DATA Türkiye’s Population : 70,6 million
Türkiye’s Surface Area : 78 million ha
Rural Population : 29.5 %
Urban Population : 70.5 %
GNP per Capita : 7957 USD
Arable land : 28 million ha
Irrigable land : 25,75 million ha
Economically irrigable land : 8,5 million ha

4. WATER POTENTIAL OF TÜRKİYE
NEIGHBOUR COUNTRIES
7 Billion m3
ANNUAL PRECIPITATION 501 Billion m3
EVAPORATION
274 Billion m3
SURFACE FLOW
186 Billion m3
193 Billion m3
Infiltration to Aquifers
41 Billion m3
NET
112 Billion m3
Total consumption
40 Billion m3
ANNUAL GROUNDWATER 14 Billion m3
ANNUAL SURFACE WATER
98 Billion m3
GROSS WATER POTENTIAL
234 Billion m3

5. Türkiye is located in a semi- arid region;
precipitation varies according to time and region
2500 mm
250 mm

6. MAIN SOURCE OF WATER IS PRECIPITATION
Precipitation in Türkiye by process of hydrological cycle is quite uneven,
Annual mean precipitation in long term is 643 mm,
Minimum average in drought period is mm,
Maximum average in wet period is 800 mm,
Fluctuation from average occurs is about 20% in Türkiye.

7. TÜRKİYE’S ANNUAL AVAILABLE WATER POTENTIAL IS VARIABLE
In wet period : 135 Billion m3
In drought period : 90 Billion m3
Difference : 45 Billion m3
This case indicates 50% fluctuation.
It is necessary that water demand in drought period should be satisfied by 50% less than that of wet period.

8. TÜRKİYE IS NOT A WATER RICH COUNTRY
Total Available Water Volume : 112 Billion m3
Türkiye’s Population : 70,6 Million
Water Availability Per Capita : m3/year
These values indicate that Türkiye is regarded as a “water stress” country.

9. WATER SAVING AND PROTECTION
For that reason;
To use water cautiously,
To avoid using water excessively,
To use less water consuming technologies in irrigation and in daily life is important.
Besides, it is necessary
To avoid polluting scare water resources.

10. WATER CONSUMPTIONS BY SECTORS
Year 2007
Year 2023
Irrigation : 29,5 billion m3 (%74) Irrigation : 72 billion m3 (%64)
Domestic : 6,2 billion m3 (%15) Domestic : 18 billion m3 (%16)
Industrial : 4,3 billion m3 (%11) Industrial : 22 billion m3 (%20)
TOTAL : 40 billion m3 TOTAL : 112 billion m3

11. USAGE OF WATER POTENTIAL
%64
71,5 Billion m3
40,5 Billion m3
%36
In order to harness unused 64% water potential, water storing facilities (Dams) are to be constructed.

12. IMPORTANCE OF DAMS In Türkiye;
Dams are necessary so as to mitigate the impacts of droughts and floods resulted from climate change.
The number of Dams constructed according to ICOLD standard is 592.
Active storing capacity of dams in operation is billion m3.
Atatürk Dam

13. MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN WATER RESOURCES
Water needs can only be satisfied if water resources are properly managed.
To this end, three precautions are significant;
Increasing water supply
Decreasing water demand
Protection water quality

14. PRECAUTIONS TO INCREASE WATER SUPPLY
Increasing water storage capacity
Transferring water between basins
Increasing forested areas.

15. WATER STORAGE CAPACITY
INCREASE IN
WATER STORAGE CAPACITY
Since Türkiye is located in semi-arid climate zone, it is vital to consume water in agricultural irrigation for food security and in domestic water supply for sanitation.
Therefore, it is essential for water supply in arid periods to increase the number of existing dams and the active storage capacity of the water storage facilities, which is 66 billion m3.

16. WATER TRANSFER BETWEEN BASINS
Drought and global climate change result in changes of precipitation regime of basins.
It has been forecasted that the precipitation level may decrease in some basins while increasing in other basins.
For that reason, water transfer between basins is crucial.

17. INCREASE IN FORESTED AREAS
Türkiye has launched National Afforestation and Erosion Control Action Plan ( ).
Afforestation, rehabilitation of degraded forest in the 2,3 million ha are to be realized by means of this action plan.
In this way, it has been targeted to regulate water regime, improve water quality, control erosion, combating desertification and global warming.

18. DECREASE IN WATER DEMAND
Implementation of modern irrigation systems
Reduction of water losses in city water distribution network and in irrigation network
Water basin management

19. MODERN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
As of 2003, DSİ policy has been shifted from classical open canal to closed (piped) water distribution networks saving more water

20. IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Open canal (43%)
Canalette (46%)
Piped (11%)

21. IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN IRRIGATION METHODS
Amount of water consumed by means of agricultural irrigation per ha
Surface Irrigation
10,000 m3 / ha
Sprinkler Irrigation
6,500 m3 / ha
Trickle Irrigation
4,000 m3 / ha

22. REDUCTION OF WATER LOSSES IN CITY WATER DISTRIBUTION AND IN IRRIGATION NETWORK
Especially in some cities, water losses should be minimized by means of rehabilitation of old distribution networks.
40% water saving is possible by shifting from classical irrigation to modern irrigation networks.

23. RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
So as to determine water budget, it is essential to manage the watershed area as a whole, taking into account its surface and ground water resources .

24. PROTECTION OF WATER QUALITY
It is significantly important to protect the quality of water.
Waste water sources threaten fresh water resources. Each drop of water used is transformed as waste water. For that reason, reduction amount of water by means of saving also decreases amount of waste water.

25. NEW TRENDS IN WATER MANAGEMENT
Water Management Policies are revised by taking into account in Türkiye;
 European Union Approaches
 Global and Regional Developments
 Sustainability
 Present and future needs :
- urbanization
- industrialization
- agricultural production.

26. NEW TRENDS IN WATER MANAGEMENT
In addition to the public sector involvement, private sector is encouraged in realization of water related infrastructure.
Besides, the operation, management and renovation of these facilities are transferred to the beneficiaries.

27. NEW TRENDS IN WATER MANAGEMENT
Legal arrangements have been completed so as to develop Türkiye’s renewable energy resources in short time by means of participation of private sector in construction and management of Dam and HEPPs.
As a result of these legal arrangements, private companies have applied to realize HEPPs having MW installed capacity.
The total amount of the investment of these projects are above 25 billion US Dollars.

28. NEW TRENDS IN WATER MANAGEMENT
The Operation and Management responsibilities of irrigation networks developed by DSI have been transferred to Water User Organizations.
Water User Organizations:
1- Local Authorities
2- Water User Associations
3- Village Authority
4- Groundwater irrigation Cooperatives
Operated area by DSI
4% (0,12 million ha)
( 2,9 million ha )
Transferred area
96%

29. INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Water Related Integrated projects plays important role in sustainable development of countries.
GAP Project in Türkiye and Vardar Valley Development Project in Macedonia are good examples that both countries attaches importance to integrated development projects.
Within the scope of these development projects, a number of dams and HEPPs, irrigation networks, and flood control structures will be realized.
Atilla bey sunum yapacaksa buradan sonra onun yansıları girebilir.

30. PRECAUTIONS AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
Policies towards effective use and protection of all natural resources, especially water resources are to be devised and implemented by taking into account vital needs of future generations.
This would be the greatest service to human being.

31. We hope to see you 16-22 Mart 2009 in Istanbul at 5th World Water Forum

32. THANK YOU