classification

Classification taxonomy science of grouping and naming organisms based on shared characteristics

Purpose for classifying organisms Classification Classification Purpose for classifying organisms brings order to the diversity of life allows identification of new organisms basis for scientifically naming organisms universal standard for communication

common names can often be misleading Classification Classification common names can often be misleading jellyfish, starfish, cuttlefish, silverfish

common names can often be misleading Classification Classification common names can often be misleading mountain lion, puma, cougar, panther

common names can often be misleading ringworm, mealworm, acorn worm Classification common names can often be misleading ringworm, mealworm, acorn worm Classification fungus insect larva aquatic worm

History of classification Aristotle (350B.C.) placed all known organisms into two groups animals & plants

History of classification Carolus Linnaeus (1750) father of taxonomy classified organisms by physical & structural similarities places organisms into Species places species into Genera introduced binomial nomenclature written in Latin (Genus, species)

Correctly naming organisms scientifically Classification Classification Correctly naming organisms scientifically First name: Genus (First letter CAPITALIZED) second name: Species (all lower case) underline (if hand written) or italicized (computer) ex: Eastern grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis

Classification Classification classification provides a framework in which to study the relationships among living and extinct species

Evolutionary Relationships structural similarities Classification Evolutionary Relationships structural similarities many shared physical structures provide evidence of close relationship and common ancestry ex: Lynx & Bobcat

Evolutionary Relationships structural similarities Classification Evolutionary Relationships structural similarities ex: dandelion & sunflower

Evolutionary Relationships geographical distribution Classification Evolutionary Relationships geographical distribution location of a species help determine relationship with other species ex: finches on the Galapogos

Evolutionary Relationships chromosomal comparison Classification Evolutionary Relationships chromosomal comparison chromosome number and shape ex: cauliflower, cabbage, kale, broccoli chromosomes are almost identical

Evolutionary Relationships biochemistry Classification Evolutionary Relationships biochemistry looks at DNA and similar proteins ex: horseshoe crab originally classified with Crustacea

Evolutionary Relationships ex: horseshoe crab Classification Evolutionary Relationships ex: horseshoe crab originally classified with Crustacea better classified as Arachnida

Evolutionary Relationships Breeding behavior Classification Evolutionary Relationships Breeding behavior mating calls or mating periods ex: frogs, birds

Evolutionary Relationships developing the evolutionary history Classification Evolutionary Relationships developing the evolutionary history of an organism is phylogeny

Evolutionary Relationships phylogeny of all life Classification Evolutionary Relationships phylogeny of all life

Evolutionary Relationships cladogram model Classification Evolutionary Relationships cladogram model shows evolutionary relationships between organisms

Evolutionary Relationships cladogram model Classification D E C B A

Domain – broadest classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Taxonomic Hierarchy Domain – broadest classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species – most specific sometimes -subspecies (animals), varieties (plants) strains (bacteria) D K P C O F G S

classification of human? Domain – Eukarya Kingdom – Anamilia Taxonomic Hierarchy classification of human? Domain – Eukarya Kingdom – Anamilia Phylum – Chordata Class – Mammalia Order – Primate Family – Homididae Genus – Homo Species – Sapien Binomial name? Homo sapien

History of Classification 1700’s Aristotle’s system Plantae & Animalia

History of Classification Late 1800’s with the use of the microscope, new kingdom was found Plantae, Animalia & Protista

History of Classification 1950’s New tool - electron microscope, new kingdom was found without a nucleus Plantae, Animalia, Protista & Monera (bacteria)

History of Classification 1960’s Biochemical studies showed difference in cell wall composition (split up one of our Kingdoms) Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Monera & Fungi Classification chitin

History of Classification 1990’s Structural and biochemical studies found difference in cell wall of some Monerans Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria & Fungi Classification peptidoglycan

developed from looking at ribosomal RNA Bacteria – Eubacteria Classification Current System 3 Domain system developed from looking at ribosomal RNA Bacteria – Eubacteria Archea – Archaebacteria Eukarya – Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista

Current System 3 Domain system Classification Current System 3 Domain system

Tools for classification field guide gives physical description of species may show range (locations it lives in) gives picture of species

Tools for classification dichotomous key uses sets of paired (usually opposite) traits to help classify a species Classification Geospiza Platyspiza Certhidea Camarhynchus