Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Applied Child & Adolescent Development Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Erikson’s Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion Identity Defining who you are, what you value and direction in life Commitments to vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals Exploration, resolution of “identity crisis” Role Confusion Lack of direction and definition of self Restricted exploration in adolescence earlier psychosocial conflicts not resolved society restricts choices Unprepared for stages of adulthood

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Self-Concept in Adolescence Unify separate traits into larger, abstract ones May describe contradictory traits; social situations Gradually combine traits into organized system qualifiers integrating principles DigitalVision

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Self-Esteem in Adolescence Continues to differentiate new dimensions new dimensions Generally rises temporarily drops at school transitions temporarily drops at school transitions Individual differences become more stable. Self-esteem linked to value of activities, adjustment Influenced by family, culture DigitalVision

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Identity Statuses Level of Exploration Level of Commitment HighLow High identity achievement moratorium Low identity foreclosure identity diffusion

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Identity Status and Cognitive Style Identity achieved Information- gathering Moratorium Foreclosure Dogmatic, inflexible Diffusion Long-term diffusion Diffuse-avoidant

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors That Affect Identity Development Personality flexible, open-minded Child-rearing practices authoritative, attached Peers, friends SchoolsCommunities Corbis Images

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Culture and Identity View of self-continuity Cultural-majority adolescents individualistic view individualistic view enduring personal essence enduring personal essence Cultural-minority adolescents interdependent view interdependent view constantly transforming self constantly transforming self bicultural identity bicultural identity ©Nikhil Gangavane/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Preconventional level Stage 1: Punishment and obedience Stage 2: Instrumental purpose Conventional level Stage 3: “Good boy–good girl” (morality of interpersonal cooperation) Stage 4: Social-order-maintaining Postconventional or principled level Stage 5: Social contract Stage 6: Universal ethical principle

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Research on Kohlberg’s Theory Few, if any, people reach postconventional morality. “Conventional” levels may require more profound thought than Kohlberg suggested. In real life, people often reason below levels of which they are capable. situational factors situational factors emotions emotions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning? Kohlberg Rights and justice orientation Gilligan Caring for others orientation ethic of care ethic of care While males and females use both orientations, females may stress care more. greater experience as caregivers greater experience as caregivers

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reasoning About Care Issues Figure 12.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Competing Issues of Morality MoralSocial-conventionalPersonal personal rights vs. community good Corbis Images

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Influences on Moral Reasoning Child-rearing practices caring, supportive caring, supportive discuss moral concerns discuss moral concernsSchooling Peer interactions Culture Corbis Images

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Moral Reasoning and Behavior Modest connection Behavior influenced by many factors emotion emotion temperament temperament situation, history situation, history moral self-relevance moral self-relevance peers, family peers, family just educational environments just educational environments

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Civic Responsibility Knowledge of political issues of political issuesFeelings of attachment to community of attachment to communitySkills for achieving civic goals for achieving civic goalsInfluences family, school, community family, school, community ©Lisa F. Young/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Religious Involvement and Morality Formal religious involvement declines in adolescence. Religious involvement linked to: more community service more community service lower drug and alcohol use lower drug and alcohol use later sex later sex less delinquency less delinquency

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Gender Intensification in Adolescence Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior Biological, social, cognitive factors More in early adolescence, declines in middle to late adolescence Sports & Recreation

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Parent–Child Relationships in Adolescence Authoritative parenting balances autonomy with monitoring as needed balances autonomy with monitoring as needed extra challenging during adolescence extra challenging during adolescence Autonomy deidealize parents deidealize parents shift from parents to self and peers for guidance shift from parents to self and peers for guidanceAutonomy deidealize parents deidealize parents shift from parents to self and peers for guidance shift from parents to self and peers for guidance

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Family Influences on Adolescents’ Adjustment Warm, supportive relationship with parents amount of time spent with family not a factor in conflict amount of time spent with family not a factor in conflict Family circumstances finances finances time time adult relationships adult relationships sibling relationships sibling relationships Absolute Family

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Characteristics of Adolescent Friendships Fewer “best friends” Stress intimacy, loyalty closeness, trust, self-disclosure closeness, trust, self-disclosure Friends are similar or get more similar identity status identity status aspirations aspirations politics politics deviant behavior deviant behavior DigitalVision

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Gender Differences in Adolescent Friendships Girls Emotional closeness, communal concerns Get together to “just talk” self-disclosure self-disclosure Boys Achievement, status Get together for activities Intimacy related to gender identity androgynous: more likely to be intimate friends

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Self-Disclosure in Relationships Figure 12.2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Risks of Close Friendships Corumination Relational aggression girls’ closest friendships shorter girls’ closest friendships shorter Victimization from online- only friends Teens and Young Adults

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Risks of Online Friendships Figure 12.3

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Benefits of Adolescent Friendships Opportunities to explore self Opportunities to explore self Form deep understanding of another Form deep understanding of another Foundation for future intimate relationships Foundation for future intimate relationships Help deal with life stress Help deal with life stress Can improve attitude toward and involvement in school Can improve attitude toward and involvement in school

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cliques and Crowds Clique small group: 5–7 small group: 5–7 good friends good friends identified by interests, social status identified by interests, social statusCrowd larger: several cliques larger: several cliques membership based on membership based on reputation, stereotype Sports & Recreation

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. From Cliques to Dating Boys’ and girls’ cliques come together. Mixed-sex cliques hang out. Several couples form and do things together. Individual couples Corbis Images

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Increase in Romantic Relationships Figure 12.4

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Changes in Dating During Adolescence Goals change throughout adolescence. early: recreation, group activities, shallow intimacy early: recreation, group activities, shallow intimacy gradually look for more intimacy gradually look for more intimacy Relations with parents, friends contribute to internal working models for dating ©Ron Chapple Studios/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dating Problems Too-early dating drug use, sex, delinquency drug use, sex, delinquency poor academics poor academics difficult family and peer relationships difficult family and peer relationships For homosexuals finding partners finding partners peer harassment, rejection peer harassment, rejection

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Peer Conformity Pressures to conform to: dress, grooming, social activities dress, grooming, social activities proadult behavior proadult behavior misconduct misconduct rises in early adolescence, but low overall rises in early adolescence, but low overall More conformity in early adolescence Authoritative parenting helps resist pressures.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Depression in Adolescence Most common psychological problem of adolescence—affects 15–20% Twice as many girls as boys early-maturing girls early-maturing girls gender intensification gender intensification adults may not take seriously adults may not take seriouslyFactors genetics genetics child-rearing practices child-rearing practices learned helplessness learned helplessness

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Suicide A leading cause of death for North American youth Related factors: gender gender ethnicity ethnicity family environment family environment sexual orientation sexual orientation mental disorders mental disorders life stress life stress personality: personality: intelligent, withdrawn intelligent, withdrawn antisocial, emotional antisocial, emotional

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Preventing Suicide Notice warning signs Provide adult and peer support Teach coping strategies Interventions medication medication therapy therapy remove access to means remove access to meansInterventions medication medication therapy therapy remove access to means remove access to means Corbis Images

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors in Delinquency Widespread in early teen years declines in late adolescence declines in late adolescencePeers rejection rejection antisocial peers antisocial peersGender Individual differences temperament intelligence school performance Family characteristics Neighborhood

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency Early-Onset: behavior begins in middle childhood biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine Late-Onset: behavior begins around puberty peer influences ©Sascha Burkard/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Path to Chronic Delinquency Figure 12.5