1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Infants, Children, and Adolescents Chapter 16 Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Erikson’s Theory: Identity v. Role Confusion Identity  Defining who you are, what you value, and your direction in life  Commitments to vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals  Resolution of “identity crisis” or exploration Role Confusion  Lack of direction and definition of self  Restricted exploration in adolescence  Earlier psychosocial conflicts not resolved  Society restricts choices  Unprepared for stages of adulthood

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Self-Concept in Adolescence  Unify separate traits into larger, abstract ones  May describe contradictory traits; social situations  Gradually combine traits into organized system  More emphasis on social virtues, being viewed positively by others © Willeecole | Dreamstime.comWilleecoleDreamstime.com

4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Self-Esteem in Adolescence  Continues to differentiate  New components: close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence  Generally rises  Frequent shifts  Individual differences become increasingly stable. © Tracy Whiteside | Dreamstime.comTracy WhitesideDreamstime.com

5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Identity Statuses Level of Exploration Level of Commitment HighLow High Identity achievement Identity moratorium Low Identity foreclosure Identitydiffusion

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors That Affect Identity Development Personality Flexible, open-minded Flexible, open-mindedFamily Attached, positive problem solving Attached, positive problem solving Peers, friends School, community, culture Need rich and varied experiences Need rich and varied experiences Enduring personal essence Enduring personal essence © Yu Liang Wong | Dreamstime.comYu Liang WongDreamstime.com

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Identity Development Among Ethnic Minority Adolescents Ethnic identity A strong, secure ethnic identity is associated with higher self-esteem, optimism, a sense of mastery over the environment, and more positive attitudes toward one’s ethnicity. A strong, secure ethnic identity is associated with higher self-esteem, optimism, a sense of mastery over the environment, and more positive attitudes toward one’s ethnicity. Acculturative stress Psychological distress arising from conflict between the host culture and the minority Psychological distress arising from conflict between the host culture and the minority Forming a bicultural identity offers strong benefits.

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Preconventional Level Stage 1: Punishment and obedience Stage 2: Instrumental purpose Conventional Level Stage 3: “Good boy – good girl” (morality of interpersonal cooperation) (morality of interpersonal cooperation) Stage 4: Social order maintaining Postconventionalor Principled Level Stage 5: Social contract Stage 6: Universal ethical principle

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning? Kohlberg: Rights and justice orientation Gilligan: Caring and responsiveness orientation Ethic of care Ethic of care Both sexes use both orientations Females may stress care more, due to more involvement in personal care for others. Females may stress care more, due to more involvement in personal care for others. Males may stress justice more. Males may stress justice more. However, culture and situation influence choices. However, culture and situation influence choices.

10. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Familiarity of Main Character in a Moral Dilemma to Care Responses Figure 16.1

11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Coordinating Moral, Social-Conventional, and Personal Concerns  Adolescents express great concern in matters of personal choice.  Reflects their quest for identity and independence  Those whose parents intrude into their private domains report higher levels of stress.  Adolescents still believe parents have the right to tell them what to do in moral and social- conventional situations. © Enna Van Duinen | Dreamstime.comEnna Van DuinenDreamstime.com

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Influences on Moral Reasoning Personality Child-rearing practices Authoritative, caring Authoritative, caring Discuss moral concerns Discuss moral concernsSchooling Peer interactions Exposure to different views Exposure to different viewsCulture Variations Variations Collectivist v. individualistic Collectivist v. individualistic © Goldenkb | Dreamstime.comGoldenkbDreamstime.com

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Moral Reasoning and Behavior Moral self-relevance Degree to which morality is central to self-concept Degree to which morality is central to self-concept Close relationships with parents, teachers, and friends may play vital roles by modeling prosocial behavior and fostering morally relevant emotions. Other positive influences: Just educational environments Just educational environments Opportunities for civic engagement Opportunities for civic engagement

14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Development of Civic Responsibility Family influences School and community influences Currently, 66% of U.S. public schools provide students with community service opportunities. Currently, 66% of U.S. public schools provide students with community service opportunities. Half have service-learning programs, which integrate service activities into the academic curriculum. Half have service-learning programs, which integrate service activities into the academic curriculum. Students who are required to serve their community express a strong desire to remain active. Students who are required to serve their community express a strong desire to remain active.

15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Religious Involvement and Morality Formal religious involvement declines in adolescence, coinciding with increased autonomy. Religious involvement linked to: More community service More community service Less misconduct Less misconduct Lower drug and alcohol use Lower drug and alcohol use Later sex Later sex Less delinquency Less delinquency

16. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Challenges to Kohlberg Inadequate account for everyday morality Prefer pragmatic approach to morality Prefer pragmatic approach to morality Context and motivations important Context and motivations important Everyday moral judgments are tools used to reach personal goals. Everyday moral judgments are tools used to reach personal goals. May act first, justify morality later © Mangostock | Dreamstime.comMangostockDreamstime.com

17. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Gender Intensification in Adolescence Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior Both sexes experience, but stronger for girls Both sexes experience, but stronger for girls Biological, social, cognitive factors More in early adolescence, declines mid- to late adolescence © Isabel Poulin | Dreamstime.comIsabel PoulinDreamstime.com

18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Parent–Child Relationships in Adolescence Adolescents strive for autonomy. Shift from parents to selves and peers for guidance; de-idealize parents Shift from parents to selves and peers for guidance; de-idealize parents Parents need to balance connection and separation. Authoritative style best Authoritative style best Continue consistent monitoring Continue consistent monitoring Can be difficult during adolescence Can be difficult during adolescence

19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescents and Their Families Most spend less time with family. Culture is a factor. Culture is a factor. Family system affects relationships. Family structure Family structure Parents’ concerns Parents’ concerns Economic status Economic status Sibling relationships change.

20. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Friendships in Adolescence Fewer “best friends” More intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty Closeness, trust Closeness, trust Self-disclosure – get to know friend’s personality Self-disclosure – get to know friend’s personality Friends are similar or get more similar. Identity status, aspirations, politics, deviant behavior Identity status, aspirations, politics, deviant behavior Gender differences Girls – emotional closeness Girls – emotional closeness Boys – activities, status Boys – activities, status

21. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Free Time Versus Homework for Adolescents Figure 16.2

22. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Age-Related Self-Disclosure in Relationships Figure 16.3

23. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Friendships on the Internet  Instant messaging seems to support close friendships.  Adolescents use the Internet to meet new people.  Parents are wise to point out risks of Internet communication, including harassment and exploitation. Figure 16.4

24. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Benefits of Adolescent Friendships  Opportunities to explore self  Form deep understanding of another  Foundation for future intimate relationships  Help deal with life stress  Can improve attitude and school involvement © Graça Victoria | Dreamstime.comGraça VictoriaDreamstime.com

25. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cliques and Crowds Clique: Small group (5 – 8 members) Small group (5 – 8 members) Good friends Good friends Identified by background, interests, social status Identified by background, interests, social status Membership more important to girls Membership more important to girlsCrowd: Larger – several cliques Larger – several cliques Membership based on reputation, stereotype Membership based on reputation, stereotype Ethnicity may play a role Ethnicity may play a role Both cliques and crowds can modify beliefs and behaviors.

26. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dating in Adolescence Hormonal changes increase sexual interest, but culture dictates dating. Changes throughout adolescence Early: recreation, group activities, shallow intimacy Early: recreation, group activities, shallow intimacy Gradually look for more intimacy Gradually look for more intimacy Too-early dating related to delinquency, dating violence, and academic problems Too-early dating related to delinquency, dating violence, and academic problems © Richard Nelson | Dreamstime.comRichard NelsonDreamstime.com

27. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Increase in Romantic Relationships in Adolescence Figure 16.5

28. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Peer Conformity Pressures to conform to: Dress, grooming, social activities Dress, grooming, social activities Proadult behavior Proadult behavior Misconduct Misconduct Rises in early adolescence, but low overall Rises in early adolescence, but low overall More conformity in early adolescence Authoritative parenting helps resist pressures.

29. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Depression in Adolescence Most common psychological problem of adolescence 15% to 20% experience major episode Twice as many girls as boys Factors influencing depression: Genetics Genetics Child-rearing practices Child-rearing practices Learned helplessness Learned helplessness Multiple negative life events Multiple negative life events © Nikhil Gangavane | Dreamstime.comNikhil GangavaneDreamstime.com

30. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Suicide Rate jumps sharply in adolescence 3 to 4 times as many boys as girls Girls more attempts Girls more attempts Greatest risk: White, African-American males; Native Americans White, African-American males; Native Americans Gay, lesbian, bisexual Gay, lesbian, bisexual Highly intelligent and socially withdrawn Highly intelligent and socially withdrawn Antisocial; hostile and destructive behaviors Antisocial; hostile and destructive behaviors

31. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Preventing Suicide  Notice warning signs.  Provide adult and peer support.  Teach coping strategies. Interventions:  Medication  Therapy  Hospitalization © Sebastian Czapnik | Dreamstime.comSebastian CzapnikDreamstime.com

32. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Delinquency Adolescents account for 14% of arrests. Most commit some (usually minor) crime. Most commit some (usually minor) crime. Delinquency rises over early and mid-adolescence, then declines. Delinquency rises over early and mid-adolescence, then declines. Usually reward-seeking and peer approval Usually reward-seeking and peer approval Gender gap SES and ethnicity are strong predictors of arrests (but law enforcement practices partially to blame). Chronic delinquency linked to difficult temperament, low intelligence, poor academics, peer rejection, or antisocial peers.

33. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency Early-onset: behavior begins in middle childhood Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine. Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine. Late-onset: behavior begins around puberty Peer influences Peer influences Figure 16.6

34. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors That Improve Resilience in Adolescence  A balance between family connection and separation  Effective family problem solving that models and encourages rational decision making  Parental monitoring and school involvement  Close, supportive friendships  High-quality vocational education  A culturally sensitive school and community  Affiliation with a religious organization  Opportunities in extracurricular activities, youth organizations, community service