1. Chapter 12 Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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2. Erikson’s Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Defining who you are, what you value, and your direction in life
Commitments to vocation, relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals
Exploration, resolution of “identity crisis”
Role Confusion
Lack of direction and self-definition
Earlier psychosocial conflicts not resolved
Society restricts choices
Unprepared for challenges of adulthood
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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3. Self-Concept in Adolescence
Unifies separate traits into more abstract descriptors
May describe contradictory traits
Gradually combines traits into organized system:
qualifiers
integrating principles
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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4. Self-Esteem in Adolescence
Continues to gain new dimensions:
close friendship
romantic appeal
job competence
Generally rises, but drops temporarily at school transitions
Parenting style affects quality and stability of self-esteem
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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5. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Identity Statuses
Exploration
Commitment
High
Low
identity achievement
identity moratorium
identity foreclosure
identity diffusion
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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6. Identity Status and Cognitive Style
Identity-achieved
Information-gathering
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Dogmatic, inflexible
Diffusion
Long-term diffusion
Diffuse-avoidant
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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7. Factors That Affect Identity Development
Personality
Child-rearing practices:
attachment
Peers, friends
Schools, communities
Culture
Societal forces
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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8. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional level
Stage 1: Punishment and obedience
Stage 2: Instrumental purpose
Conventional level
Stage 3: “Good boy–good girl” (morality of interpersonal cooperation)
Stage 4: Social-order-maintaining
Postconventional
or principled level
Stage 5: Social contract
Stage 6: Universal ethical principle
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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9. Research on Kohlberg’s Theory
Few people reach postconventional morality
Stages 3 and 4 reflect morally mature reasoning
In real life, people often reason below actual capacity
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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10. Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning?
Kohlberg: emphasis on rights and justice orientation
Gilligan: emphasis on “ethic of care” orientation
Each sex uses both orientations, but females may stress care more, because of greater involvement in activities involving care and concern for others
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. Reasoning About Situations Raising Competing Issues
Moral
Social-conventional
Personal:
personal choice weighed against community obligations
personal rights integrated with ideal reciprocity
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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12. Influences on Moral Reasoning
Child-rearing practices:
caring, supportive
discussions of moral concerns
Schooling: higher education
Peer interaction
Culture
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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13. Moral Reasoning and Behavior
Factors influencing behavior include
maturity of moral reasoning
emotions: empathy, sympathy, guilt
temperament
cultural experiences and beliefs
moral identity
parenting practices: inductive discipline, moral standards
schooling: just educational environments
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14. Religious Involvement and Morality
Formal religious involvement declines in adolescence
Religious involvement linked to
responsible academic, social behavior; less misconduct
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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15. Pragmatic Approach to Morality
Claims Kohlberg’s stages inadequately account for behavior in everyday life
Moral judgments are practical tools that
depend on current context and motivation
are frequently directed at self-serving goals
Critics: People often rise above self-interest to defend others’ rights
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

16. Gender Intensification in Adolescence
Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior
Not universal, more common in girls
Biological, social, and cognitive influences
Declines by late adolescence
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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17. Parent–Child Relationships in Adolescence
Strives for autonomy
Deidealizes parents
Authoritative parenting:
balancing autonomy-granting with monitoring
extra challenging during adolescence
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18. Parent–Adolescent Conflict
Facilitates adolescents’ identity and autonomy
Signals parents to adjust parenting style
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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19. Family Influences on Adolescents’ Adjustment
Family circumstances that affect appropriate autonomy-granting:
financial security
parental work pressures
stable marriage
Sibling relationships:
less intense, in both positive and negative feelings
attachment remains strong in most cases
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

20. Characteristics of Adolescent Friendships
Fewer “best friends”
Stress intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty
Friends tend to be similar:
identity status
educational aspirations
political beliefs
deviant behavior
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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21. Sex Differences in Adolescent Friendships
Girls
Emotional closeness
Get together to “just talk”
Self-disclosure, support
Boys
Shared activities
Achievement, status
Competition, conflict
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

22. Self-Disclosure in Relationships
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Figure Age changes in reported self-disclosure to parents and peers, based on findings of several studies
Figure 12.1
(From D. Buhrmester, 1996, “Need Fulfillment, Interpersonal Competence, and the Developmental Contexts of Early Adolescent Friendship,” in W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup [Eds.], The Company They Keep: Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence, New York: Cambridge University Press, p Reprinted with permission of Cambridge University Press.)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

23. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Friendship Risks
Corumination:
anxiety, depression
Relational aggression:
girls’ closest friendships of shorter duration
Internet communication:
racial and ethnic slurs
sexual obscenity
harassment
reduced quality of face-to-face interaction
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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24. U.S. Teenagers’ Daily Use of Social Media
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Figure Percentage of U.S. 12- to 17-year-olds who use various communication channels daily to contact friends
Figure 12.2
(Adapted from Lenhart et al., 2010.)
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25. Benefits of Adolescent Friendships
Opportunities to explore self
Opportunities to deeply understand another
Foundation for future intimate relationships
Help in managing stress
Improved school attitudes and involvement
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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26. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Cliques and Crowds
Cliques:
small groups: 5–7
good friends
similar in family background, attitudes, and values
Crowds:
larger: composed of several cliques
membership based on reputation, stereotype
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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27. Changes in Dating During Adolescence
Mixed-sex cliques prepare teenagers for dating
Dating goals change with age:
early adolescence: recreation, peer status
late adolescence: intimacy, compatibility, affection, social support
Relationships with parents and friends contribute to security of romantic ties
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

28. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Dating Problems
Too-early dating:
drug use, sex, delinquency
poor academic achievement
dating violence
For gay and lesbian youths:
finding partners
peer harassment, rejection
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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29. Depression in Adolescence
Most common psychological problem: 15–20% have had one or more major episodes
Twice as many girls as boys:
early-maturing girls
gender intensification
Influential factors:
heredity
parental depression
gender-typed coping styles
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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30. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Adolescent Suicide
Suicide rate jumps sharply at adolescence
Related factors:
gender
ethnicity
family environment, high life stress
sexual orientation
personality:
intelligent, withdrawn
antisocial
triggering negative events
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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31. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Preventing Suicide
Attend to warning signs
Provide adult and peer support
Teach coping strategies
Remove access to means: gun control legislation
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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32. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Delinquency
Widespread in early and middle adolescence, then declines
Related factors:
gender
SES, ethnicity
difficult temperament
low intelligence, poor school performance
peer rejection, association with antisocial peers
family characteristics
neighborhood
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

33. Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency
Early-onset: behavior begins in childhood:
biological risks and inept parenting combine
linked to serious antisocial activity
Late-onset: behavior begins around puberty
peer influences
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Figure Path to chronic delinquency for adolescents with childhood-onset antisocial behavior.
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34. Path to Chronic Delinquency
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Figure Path to chronic delinquency for adolescents with childhood-onset antisocial behavior
Figure 12.3
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35. Preventing Adolescent Delinquency
Positive family relationships
High-quality teaching
Communities with healthy economic and social conditions
Multisystemic therapy
Zero tolerance policies are inconsistent, ineffective
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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36. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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