MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH THROUGH GOOD NUTRITION yyjdtd SECTION 2 MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH THROUGH GOOD NUTRITION Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation yyjdtd Chapter 10 Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

yyjdtd Facts Good nutrition during the normal pregnancy is essential for both mother and child. There is a relationship between mother’s diet and health of baby at birth The woman who consumed a nutritious diet before pregnancy is more apt to bear a healthy infant than one who did not. Malnutrition of the mother is believed to cause decreased growth and mental retardation in the fetus The recommended weight gain during pregnancy is 11-15 kg (slightly more for underweight women, slightly less for overweight women). Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy yyjdtd Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy The protein requirement is increased by 20% for the pregnant woman There is no need for increased vitamin A during pregnancy as excessive intake can cause birth defects eg. (hydrocephaly, microcephaly, mental retardation ) Water soluble vitamins should be increased Minerals such as calcium, iron, zinc and iodine are all increased during pregnancy. Calcium is essential for functions such as development of the infant's bones and teeth Drinking additional milk each day is a good way of providing these nutrients (three cups each day) An iron supplement is commonly prescribed during pregnancy. Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

Concerns during Pregnancy yyjdtd Concerns during Pregnancy Nausea Constipation Heartburn Pregnancy-induced hypertension Anemia Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

Nausea Nausea Also known as morning sickness yyjdtd Nausea Nausea Also known as morning sickness Occurs most commonly during first trimester Suggestions: Eat dry crackers or dry toast before rising Eat small, frequent meals Avoid food with offensive odors Avoid liquids at mealtime Hyperemesis gravidarum: Occurs when nausea becomes so severe that it is life-threatening May require hospitalization and parenteral nutrition Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

Constipation Constipation and hemorrhoids can occur during pregnancy. yyjdtd Constipation Constipation and hemorrhoids can occur during pregnancy. Suggestions: Eat high-fiber diet Participate in daily exercise Drink at least 8 glasses of water per day Respond promptly to urge to defecate Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

yyjdtd Heartburn Can result from pressure on stomach by growing fetus and relaxation of cardiac sphincter and smooth muscles related to progesterone. Suggestions: Eat small, frequent meals Avoid spicy or greasy foods Avoid liquids at mealtime Wait at least one hour after eating to lie down and two hours before exercising Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension yyjdtd Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Formerly known as preeclampsia or toxemia Sometimes occurs during the third trimester. Characterized by : ( high blood pressure, presence of albumin in the urine (proteinuria), and edema) May progress into eclamptic stage with convulsions, coma, and possible death of mother and infant Higher incidence with first pregnancy, multifetal pregnancies, morbidly obese women, or women with inadequate diets Especially protein-deficient More frequent in pregnant adults Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

Anemia Types Iron-deficiency anemia Folate deficiency anemia yyjdtd Anemia Condition caused by insufficiency of RBCs, hemoglobin, or blood volume Causes weakness, fatigue, poor appetite, and pallor Types Iron-deficiency anemia Most common form Treated with a daily iron supplement. Folate deficiency anemia Characterized by too few red blood cells and large immature red blood cells. Prevented by folate supplement Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

Diet for the Pregnant Woman with Diabetes yyjdtd Diet for the Pregnant Woman with Diabetes Gestational diabetes Occurs during pregnancy and disappears after birth Routine screening part of prenatal care Nutrient requirements of pregnant woman with diabetes same as non-diabetic pregnant woman Insulin often used during pregnancy to control any type of diabetes Diet plan depends on type and number of insulin injections required Artificial sweeteners found to be safe during pregnancy Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

Pregnancy during Adolescence yyjdtd Pregnancy during Adolescence Nutritional, physical, psychological, social, and economic demands on pregnant adolescents are big Nutrition must meet needs of adolescent’s growing body and needs of fetus High risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature delivery Inadequate nutrition of mother related to both mental and physical birth defects Much counseling and emotional support needed Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

Lactation Almost all women can breastfeed. yyjdtd Lactation Almost all women can breastfeed. Lactation is the production and secretion of breast milk for purpose of nourishing infant No supplemental feedings should be given until feeding routine established Human milk formulated to meet nutrient needs of infants for first six months of life Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

Benefits of Breastfeeding for the Infant yyjdtd Benefits of Breastfeeding for the Infant Breast milk Has perfect composition for baby’s needs Breast milk provides antibodies Lower incidence of ear infections, diarrhea, allergies. Promotion of good jaw development Decreased risk of obesity later in life Facilitation of bonding between mother and child Helps lose weight gained during pregnancy Stimulates uterus to contract back to original size Is economical Provides opportunity for resting Is always right temperature and readily available Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv

yyjdtd Conclusion Pregnant woman most likely to remain healthy and bear healthy infant if following well-balanced diet Anemia and pregnancy-induced hypertension Two conditions that can be caused by inadequate nutrition Caloric and most nutrient requirements increase for pregnant and lactating women Second semester 14-15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation hjvjbkvv