1. Chapter 11 Nutrition During Pregnancy and Infancy

2. Physiology of Pregnancy and Delivery
Fallopian tubes: narrow ducts leading from the ovaries to the uterus
Amniotic sac: a membrane that surrounds the fetus containing the amniotic fluid
Placenta: an organ produced during pregnancy from maternal and embryonic tissues. It secretes hormones, transfers oxygen and nutrients from maternal to fetal blood and removes wastes.
Gestation: the time between conception and birth, approximately 40 weeks in humans
Preterm or premature: a infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
Very low birth weight: a birth weight of less than 3.3 lbs (1.5 kgs)
Small for gestational age: a birth weight of less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg)
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Prenatal Development
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The Placenta
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5. Weight Gain During Pregnancy
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6. Physical Activity During Pregnancy
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7. Discomforts of Pregnancy
Physiological changes during pregnancy can cause uncomfortable side effects for the mother. These can include:
Edema
Morning sickness
Heartburn
Constipation and hemorrhoids
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8. Discomforts of Pregnancy
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9. Complications of Pregnancy
Pregnancy can cause complications for the mother and the child. These can include:
Pregnancy-induced hypertension, which includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia (seizures not related to brain condition)
Gestational diabetes
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10. Nutritional Needs During Pregnancy
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11. Nutritional Needs During Pregnancy
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12. Folate Requirements and Neural Tube Defects
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13. Nutritional Needs During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
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Prenatal Supplements
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Pica
Eating white clay and other nonfoods items during pregnancy is a
traditional remedy of morning sickness, but it can reduce intake of
nutrient-dense foods, inhibits nutrients absorption, iron deficiency anemia
and cause other health realted problems
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16. Critical Periods of Development
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17. Factors That Increase Risks Associated with Pregnancy
Pre-pregnant BMI and malnutrition
Phenylketonuria through diabetes
Frequent pregnancies with poor obstetric history
Adolescent pregnancy or pregnancy after age 40
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18. Nutritional Needs of Pregnant Teens
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19. Food Safety During Pregnancy
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Sources of Caffeine
Excess caffeine has been associated with low-birth-weight babies.
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21. Physiology of Lactation
Lactation involves the synthesis of milk components, including protein, lactose and lipids, and the movement of the milk through the milk ducts to the nipple.
Colostrum is immature milk, secreted during the first days after delivery. Colostrum is rich in protein and immune factors.
The release of milk from the glands through the ducts is referred to as let-down.
The let-down of milk is triggered by the hormone oxytocin.
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22. Maternal Nutrient Needs During Lactation
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23. Maternal Nutrient Needs During Lactation
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24. Infant Nutrition: Infant Growth
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25. Infant Nutrition: Growth and Development
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26. Infant Nutrition: Comparing Needs
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27. Infant Nutrition: Comparing Needs
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28. Infant Nutrition: Breast Milk versus Formula
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End of Chapter 11
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