1. Unit 13 Nutritional Health for Pregnant and Lactating Women.
Dr. Banan T. Awawdeh

2. objectives
To relate the importance of preconception nutrition to factors associated with healthy pregnancy outcomes.
To examine the macro- and micronutrients required during pregnancy and lactation.
To translate appropriate nutrition interventions for medical conditions that affect both diet and pregnancy outcome.
To compare the nutritional recommendations for pregnant females who have unique needs.

3. Preconception health care intervention = positive pregnancy outcomes
2. Unhealthy lifestyle and nutritional practices = negative pregnancy outcomes

4. Poor pregnancy outcomes are attributed to:
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Folic acid deficiency
• Alcohol use

5. The foundation of a healthy pregnancy and breastfeeding:
Macro- and Micronutrients
• Adequate weight gain in pregnancy
• Energy and kcalories increase during both
• Breast milk nutrients adapt to growing infant needs

6. Macronutrients for pregnancy per day:
• Protein = 25 mg increase
• Fat = 200–300 mg DHA
• Carbohydrate = min 175 mg

7. Micronutrients for pregnancy:
• Calcium = 1000 mg/day to develop fetal bones
• Vitamin D = 5mcg/day to develop fetal bones
• Folic acid and folate = 600 mcg/day for cell division, red blood cell volume
• Iron = 27 mg/day to develop red blood cells, fetus, placenta, umbilical cord

8. Pregnant females should add many nutrients to their diets
Lean meats, poultry, fish, and legumes provide protein as well as needed iron.
Dairy proteins such as milk, yogurt, and cheese provide needed calcium; important in last
2 trimesters.
Deep, cold water fish provide omega-3 fatty acids.
Folic acid is found in supplements and fortified foods; folate is found in green leafy
vegetables, oranges, and legumes, such as dried beans; important in first trimester

9. Pregnant females should add many nutrients to their diets
Iron supplements
High fiber for digestive system
40,000 kcal energy requirement for new protein and fat tissues during total duration of
pregnancy; client requires 340–452 kcals/day during the second and third trimesters

10. Nutrients found in breast milk:
• Vitamins A, B-12, D, and E, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, selenium, iodine
• Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, water

11. Average amount of breast milk produced: 750 ml/day = 630 kcals to produce energy
• First 6 months = 500 kcals/day
• After 6 months 400 kcals/day

12. Pica: the consumption of nonfood items • Geophagia: consumption of soil, dirt, clay, or baked clay • Amylophagia: consumption of laundry starch, corn starch, and other starches • Pagophagia: consumption of ice and freezer frost

13. Normal symptoms of pregnancy can affect nutritional health if self-prescribed treatment
includes remedies that interact with food and nutrient absorption
• Nausea and vomiting
• Heartburn
• Constipation

14. To control the mother’s disease during pregnancy, nutritional intervention must begin before
conception.

15. Diseases with a high risk of an unhealthy pregnancy:
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Eating disorders
• Phenylketonuria
• Gestational hypertension

16. Vegetarian and vegan diets must be well planned with attention to:
• Vitamin B
• Vitamin D and calcium
• Iron
• Essential fatty acids

17. Adolescent pregnancy nutritional needs for healthy fetal development:
• Adequate weight gain
• Iron =1300 mg/day
• Folic acid
• Calcium

18. Assessment of the lifestyle and nutritional habits of the client.
• Individualized plans to meet energy and nutrient requirements based on:
o Height
o Weight
o Age
o Physical activity level
o Pregnancy trimester

19. Limit or eliminate exposure to teratogens:
o Alcohol
o Caffeine
o Methylmercury
o Some dietary supplements

20. Educate the client about the role of nutritional needs:
• Preconception health care
• A well-balanced diet
• Increase in energy intake
• Adequate intake of vitamins and minerals
• Sufficient amount of exercise
• Adequate weight gain
• Medical conditions that require nutritional intervention kept under control

21. Outline the need for:
• Nutrient and lifestyle change  healthy pregnancy
• Positive effects on the client and fetus when guidelines are followed
• Negative effects when guidelines are not followed

22. Recommendations for nutritional sources:
• MyPyramid for Moms
• Dieticians, nurses and other health care professionals

23. Thank You …