Chapter One The Scope of Biology

Global to Microscopic Bio = Life Ology = the study Biology – natural science that is the study of living things on a global scale of the entire planet down to the microscopic world

Large to Small Biosphere – all the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things (land, water, atmosphere)

Ecosystem – community of living things and the environment that supports them (plants, animals, air, water, and sunlight) Ecosystems are very diverse and dynamic (changing) Desert Marsh Pond Rainforest

All ecosystems combined make up the biosphere

Organism – Individual living thing Large to Small Organism – Individual living thing Different types of organisms within their environment make up an ecosystem

Cell – basic units of structure and function within an organism Organisms are made up of one or more cells Unicellular – single cell Multicellular – many cells

Large to Small DNA and Genes DNA – molecule responsible for inheritance Instructs cell to make all important molecules Gene - hereditary segment for a single trait

Life’s Diversity Life is very diverse; it contains thousands of different species Species – a distinct form of life Insects are the most diverse group of animals Canis familiaris Canis lupus

Classification Classification is needed because life is so diverse and there are so many different kinds of organisms Classification – organizing similar species into larger groups

The Three Domains of Life Domain – Broadest category of classification Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

The Three Domains of Life Kingdoms – category of classification after domains 4 kingdoms within Eukarya domain Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists 1 kingdom within Archaea domain Archaebacteria 1 kingdom within the Bacteria domain Eubacteria

The Three Domains of Life Archaea and bacteria domains contain very small and simple organisms; unicellular and prokaryotic cells Prokaryotic – cells without nuclei

The Eukarya domain contains more complex organisms; most are multicellular and have eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic – cells with a nuclei

Ten Unifying Themes of Life 1. Biological Systems System – complex organization formed from a simpler combination of parts Made up of levels of organization

Applies to all levels of life: Biosphere – cells Atom-molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ system- Organism Applies to all levels of life: Biosphere – cells

Ten Unifying Themes of Life 2. Cellular Basis of Life All living things are made up of cells and have levels of organization.

Ten Unifying Themes of Life 3. Form and Function Form is unique to its function Ex. The shape of a bird’s wings = fly Nerve cell has long fibers = send messages

Ten Unifying Themes of Life 4. Reproduction and Inheritance Inheritance is passed through reproduction Genes contain DNA which carries information for certain characteristics During cellular division, DNA is copied Egg (mom DNA) fuses with sperm (dad DNA) Creates individual with some inherited traits

Ten Unifying Themes of Life 5. Interaction with the Environment All organisms interact with its environment Photosynthesis-process by which plants make food) We depend on oxygen

Cellular respiration – process by which animals use food to create energy Plants depend on carbon dioxide

Ten Unifying Themes of Life 6. Energy and Life All life processes require energy Energy - the ability to do work Energy flow within and ecosystem Sunlight – producers - consumers Energy then exits as heat

Producers (autotrophs) - produce own food Consumers (heterotrophs) – organisms that can not make their own food and depend on other autotrophs or heterotrophs

Ten Unifying Themes of Life 7. Regulation Homeostasis - the ability of an organism to keep conditions inside the body constant (sweating, shivering)

Ten Unifying Themes of Life 8. Adaptation and Evolution Living things adapt Adaptation - any characteristic or change that helps the organism survive or live successfully in its environment

Population – localized group of organisms belonging to the same species Natural Selection - process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environments survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do Evolution – change through time

Ten Unifying Themes of Life 9. Biology and Society Biology is everywhere in society Why is Biology important? 1. Medicine (Avian Bird Flu) 2. Agriculture (Growing genetically engineered food) 3. Industry (Use of bacteria to break down sewage: efficiency)

Ten Unifying Themes of Life 10. Scientific Inquiry Because Biology is a science, there is a reliance on certain processes of inquiry Scientific Method - an organized approach to help understand how the natural world works