1. Chapters 1 &2 The Scope & Science of Biology
Enduring Understandings:
Biology explores life from the global to the microscopic scale
Biology explores life in its diverse forms
Ten themes unify the study of life

2. Characteristics of Living Things
Biology: The study of life or living and once-living things.
Living things share 8 characteristics.
No single characteristic sufficiently describes a living thing.

3. 8 Characteristics of Life
Description
Made of cells
Many microorganisms such as bacteria are unicellular; Plants and animals are multicellular
Reproduce
Maple trees reproduce sexually; Hydra reproduce asexually through budding
Based on a universal genetic code (DNA)
Flies produce flies, dogs produce dogs, seeds from maple trees produce maple trees
Obtain and use materials and energy
Plants obtain their energy from the sun; Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat
Grow and develop
Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, then become adult flies.
Respond to their environment
Leaves and stems of plants grow towards light
Maintain homeostasis
Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature.
As a group, change over time (evolution)
Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.

4. What are cells?
Cells – collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings.
Organisms consisting of only one cell are unicellular (bacteria)
Organisms consisting of more than one cell are multicellular (dogs, trees, humans)

5. 2 Types of Reproduction
Sexual reproduction: requires two cells from different individuals unite to produce the first cell of a NEW organism.
Asexual reproduction: a single organism can reproduce without the aid of another.

6. Growth and Development
Most living things go through a cycle of change called development.
A single cell that starts an organism’s life divides and changes again and again to form the many and varied cells of an adult organism.
As this process continues, organisms experience a process called aging in which the organism becomes progressively less efficient and eventually dies.

7. Obtaining and Using Energy
All organisms require energy to build the substances that make up their cells.
Metabolism: the total sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
Anabolism: process in a living thing that involves putting together or synthesizing, complex substances from simpler ones (Example?)
Catabolism: process in a living thing that involves the breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones (Example?)
Catabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism

8. Responding to Their Environment
Stimulus - anything in the environment that causes an organism to react. (Examples?)
Irritability – the ability of living things to respond to stimuli. (Plant leaves, stems & roots)
Homeostasis – an organism’s ability to maintain constant or stable conditions that are necessary for life. . . Examples?

9. Organizational Levels of Life

10. Hierarchal System of Classification

11. Three Domains of Life

12. Ten Themes of Biology Biological systems Cellular Basis of Life
Form & Function
Reproduction & Inheritance
Interaction with the Environment
Energy & Life
Regulation
Adaptation & Evolution
Biology & Society
Scientific Inquiry

13. Biological Systems

14. Cellular Basis of Life
Euglena

15. Form & Function

16. Reproduction & Inheritance

17. Interaction with the Environment

18. Energy & Life

19. Regulation

20. Adaptation & Evolution

21. Biology & Society

22. Scientific Inquiry

23. Self-Assessment
Use an example to describe one of the ten themes of biology discussed.
Identify and explain a way you have interacted with the environment today.
In biological terms, are you a producer or consumer? Explain.

24. Self-Assessment
Which of the following levels of organization includes all the others?
Organisms, cells, biosphere, molecules, ecosystems
Explain the relationship between the terms species and organism
Identify the categories of classification from largest to smallest.

25. The Scientific Method State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Set Up a Controlled Experiment
Record Results
Analyze Results
Draw a Conclusion
Publish Results

26. Control Your Experiment!
A hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable, the independent variable, is changed at a time.
The set up with the I.V. introduced is the experimental set-up.
The control set-up does not have the I.V. introduced and is used for comparison
The result that you measure is called the dependent variable
All other variables, the controls or controlled variables, should be kept unchanged, or controlled.

27. In 1668, Francisco Redi proposes an experiment to prove that maggots do not arise from meat “out of nowhere.”
Section 1-2
Controlled Variables:
jars, type of meat,
location, temperature,
time
Manipulated Variables:
gauze covering that
keeps flies away from
meat
Identify the following components of Redi’s experiment:
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Controlled variables
According to the diagram, what should Redi conclude?

28. Theory v. Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a prediction, or educated guess about why or how something occurs in nature.
A theory is when a particular hypothesis is supported by many scientists after rigorous testing.